How it portrays the human condition Essay

   In the time it’s set of 1801, social classes were arife within the country. It was normality to marry someone within the same class, and was frowned upon to do anything different. The importance of class is evident when Cathy says: ‘if the wicked man had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn’t have thought it [not to marry him]’. This signifies how in this piece of literature Heathcliff is opressed by the rigid class system, and becomes a victim in the way that class is the very thing that prevents Cathy & Heathcliff marrying. The fact Heathcliff is told every day how worthless he is and how lucky he is to be in ‘a decent house’ provokes his hate towards the separation of their society into classes. As of the way Hindley treated him like a servant and degrading him, Heathcliff shows pure hatred towards him. He also exposes this putrid manner towards the Linton’s, whom in time changed Catherine, in a way to believe she was much too good for Heathcliff. We are first made aware of how much class is going to affect Heathcliff’s and Cathy’s love for each other when Catherine is attacked by dogs, in which the blame lies upon Heathcliff. The Linton’s then describe him as: ‘a wicked boy†¦ quite unfit for a decent house. ‘ Although it is hardly frowned upon to marry someone from a different class in today’s society, this novel remains relevant on the human condition by the fact that it portrays how someone will do truly anything in their power to be with the person they love with, which is of course shown by Heathcliff. The fact he has been placed in a lower class differentiates how Cathy shows her love towards him, forcing Heathcliff to try and better himself. This even results in Heathcliff attempting to drive Cathy mad with jealousy, by marrying Isabella. In his pursuit of Cathy’s love, he manages to destroy all around him, affecting his own self. This means that Bronti could even be supporting the upholding of these conventional values. Initially the answer would seem to be no, as the reader sympathizes with Heathcliff; the gypsy oppressed by a rigid class system and constantly referred to as ‘imp’ or ‘fiend’. But as Heathcliff pursues his revenge and persecution of the innocent, the danger posed by him to the community becomes apparent. Like other novels of the 1830s and 40s, Wuthering Heights may really suggest the necessity of preserving traditional ways; to prevent danger to the world that is perhaps even unnecessary, because fighting for this cause still won’t get you what you want. This helps us understand even if we know that ultimately we cannot obtain what we want, we will still fight for it the best we can; part of the human condition. Cathy is so induced by this system of class, she thinks of class as part of the reason to marry someone or a reason to love. Cathy thinks of Edgar as a way of elevating her position in the community, which can be seen when she’s talking to Nelly (and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood). Because Cathy is so interested in society, it comes to a point where it corrupts her love for her own ‘family’. This is apparent to her relationship with Nelly; before Cathy was seduced by this idea of high-society, she regarded Nelly as just as important as her own mother. Though now, Cathy treats Nelly with disrespect, and even attacks her, much to Nelly’s anger: ‘O, Miss, that’s a nasty trick! You have no right to nip me, and I’m not going to bear it’. This is important on the grounds that this represents the human condition in a way that we can all be deeply influenced by something to hurt the ones we love. By a range of devices, Bronti shows how each character is motivated. Throughout the novel we see how human motivation encourages a huge change in Cathy. At the beginning of the novel Bronti portrays her as a content, free, family-orientated girl. For illustration, the novel says Cathy ‘was hardly six years old, but she could ride any horse in the stable’. This shows that Cathy was not yet influenced to be ladylike or prosperous, and was still a kindred spirit. She is still portrayed as this wild young girl, until the point where Heathcliff and she are spying on Thrushcross Grange, and are attacked by dogs. When they are found by the Lintons, Heathcliff is merely sent away deemed as ‘a wicked boy†¦ quite unfit for a decent house’. However, Cathy is invited into the house, and the Lintons show her a whole new way of life, judging by her new concept of class, and anew sense of etiquette. The reader is told that her remaining family have noticed her new self, especially Nelly: ‘there lighted from a handsome black pony a very dignified person’. The fact Nelly compares Cathy’s change to a horse links in with her love of riding horses, as shown earlier in the novel. Now this change has occurred, we now see how Cathy is not only motivated by love and fun as she was with Heathcliff, but by more shallow things perhaps, such as wealth and appearance. She is shown to be motivated by wealth when she discusses Edgar with Nelly (‘and he will be rich’). She in fact talks about Edgar in such a way that she deserves this wealth and life of upper class. You can see how she’s motivated in a shallow fashion when she says to Heathcliff: ‘if you wash your face, and brush your hair, it will be alright. But you are so dirty! ‘ This shows that now, after these new found motivations, Heathcliff has to change how he is to acquire to Cathy’s needs, and in order to be loved by Cathy. On the other hand, Heathcliff is driven by one thing only; his animalistic and pure love for Cathy. Although he is motivated by love, other things quash this motivation, such as cowardice. Heathcliff is jealous of what she sees in Edgar, and tries to tell Cathy he loves her, without success. He is close to declaring his love for her when they’re arguing, and he says: ‘the crosses are for the evenings you have spent with the Lintons, the dots for those spent with me†¦ to show that I do care’. Fuelled by his love for Cathy, and how is world is centred purely on her actions, Heathcliff does some very spiteful things, condemning him as a gothic character. For example, he marries Isabella purely to induce jealousy within Catherine. The novel shows how Heathcliff feels that if Cathy had not become a lady of etiquette with new motivations then they would never have been separated. This can be seen when he says: ‘Because misery, and degradation, and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us’. With the human condition in question, this is important because it shows how humans can feel hatred not towards a person exactly, but towards the actions and changes that occur in that person. In the novel we are also shown by Bronti how certain circumstances like loss and jealousy can change someone, and their condition of humanity. After his wife dies, Hindley’s character changes dramatically. Before this loss, he loved his family dearly, and was content with his life. However, after her death, Hindley is subdued into a world of alcoholism and fury, to the point where he endangers the lives of his loved ones. This is shown when Hindley ‘carried him [his own son] upstairs and lifted him over the banister’ and actually drops him. Hindley is also affected by jealousy. Because his adoptive brother, Heathcliff, was favoured by his father, he had to endure being shadowed by Heathcliff all of his childhood, until his father died. Considering this, Hindley grew up to hate Heathcliff, and eventually destroyed Heathcliff, using him as a servant, placing him in a lower class. Therefore, Hindley indirectly ruined Heathcliff’s chances of obtaining Cathy’s hand in marriage. In conclusion, I feel that the novel by Emily Bronti helps us to understand the human condition in a way that no other novel does. Her unique way of showing love within the novel meant that she didn’t just show the initial attraction of love, but how it can corrupt one’s other feelings and thoughts. Bronti ‘s use of language within the novel displays the emotions and motivations of the characters successfully, and gives a great sense of the reality of the human condition to the novel. As a result of this, Bronti will remain one of the greatest writers to of lived, and her books will, and currently, remain as relevant and as important as they did in the 19th century.   Laura Pearson Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

How Society Is Affected by Gov Policies Essay

How society is affected by goverment policies, civil disobedience, This is the deliberate and planned breach of policy or law by an individual or group of people. It is usually done peacefully to highlight how inappropriate a law is and promote the need for a change in the law. Civil disobedience was a common tool in the black civil rights movement in the USA in the 1960s. Black people would deliberately break the racial segregation laws to show how deeply unfair they were and how much the law needed to change. A good example of this is the case of Rosa Parks, who in December 1955 refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man when asked to do so. She was arrested and her arrest sparked a chain of events which led to the US Supreme Court decision in 1956 that racial segregation on transportation was illegal. Demonstration and meetings, Meetings to discuss problems with government policy are very common. They are a way for like-minded individuals to air their concerns. Meeting can be held outside and include a march or demonstration to show the government or local authority the depth of public feeling against decision. A good example of this would be the rallies and protests organised by the Countryside Alliance since the UK government placed a ban on foxhunting. Terrorism, Terrorism is an extreme response to public policy. It involves an individual or group using violence or the threat of violence against civilian and military targets in order to force the government to change its policy.

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse Introduction The Hyatt Regency Hotel was built in Kansas City, Missouri in 1978. This hotel consisted of a 40-story hotel tower and conference facilities, which were connected by an open concept atrium. Inside the atrium, there were three walkways that connected the hotel to the conference facilities on the second, third, and fourth floors. The atrium was 145 feet long, 117 feet wide and 50 feet high. On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a dance contest.Dozens stood on the walkways. At 7:05 PM, the walkways on the second, third, and fourth floor were packed with visitors as they watched over the active lobby, which was also full of people. The fourth floor bridge was suspended directly over the second floor bridge, with the third floor walkway set off to the side several meters away from the other two. Construction issues led to a subtle but flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway support beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of the second floor walkway.This new design could barely handle the dead load weight of the structure itself, much less the weight of the spectators standing on it. The connection failed and both walkways crashed one on top of the other and then into the lobby below, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others. Mainbody FIG-1 FIG-2 Originally, the 2nd and 4th floor walkways were to be suspended from the same rod (as shown in fig-1) and held in place by nuts.The preliminary design sketches contained a note specifying a strength of 413 MPa for the hanger rods which was omitted on the final structural drawings. Following the general notes in the absence of a specification on the drawing, the contractor used hanger rods with only 248 MPa of strength. This original design, however, was highly impractical because it called for a nut 6. 1 meters up the hanger rod and did not use slee ve nuts. The contractor modified this detail to use 2 hanger rods instead of one (as shown in fig-2) and the engineer approved the design change without checking it.This design change doubled the stress exerted on the nut under the fourth floor beam. Now this nut supported the weight of 2 walkways instead of just one Conclution FIG-3 FIG-4 Neither the original nor the as-built design for the hanger rod satisfied the Kansas City building code making the connection failure inevitable. If, however, the building design had contained more redundancy this failure may not have resulted in the complete collapse of the walkway.Kaminetzky (1991) suggests two much stronger design alternatives for the connectors. The toe-to-toe channels used in the Hyatt Regency provided for weak welding which allowed the nut to pull through the channel/box beam assembly initiating the collapse. A back-to-back channel design using web stiffeners when necessary (fig-3) or the use of bearing crossplates in conjun ction with the toe-to-toe channels (fig-4) would have made the connection much stronger making it much more difficult for the nut to pull throughReferences Engineering Ethics – Lessons Learned: Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse http://www. pdhengineer. com/Course%20Web/Law%20and%20Ethics%20Courses/hyatt_walkway_collapse. htm â€Å"Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse†. School of Engineering, University of Alabama. http://www. eng. uab. edu/cee/faculty/ndelatte/case_studies_project/Hyatt%20Regency/hyatt. htm#Causes Kaminetzky, Dov, Design and Construction Failures: Lessons from Forensic Investigations (1991). McGraw-Hill, New York, N. Y.

Strategies in the pharmaceutical industry Literature review

Strategies in the pharmaceutical industry - Literature review Example 2009, p.5). If the toxicity of the compound is proved to be high, then the development of the drug stops (Nishimura et al. 2009). The exclusion of a drug from the drug pipeline can take place anytime up to the last part of the drug development process; for example, even if a drug has been made available to the public the firm involved can decide to withdraw the drug from the market (Nishimura et al. 2009). A drug that is proved to have severe side effects that had not been identified in the pre-clinical or the clinical testing is an example of the above case. Firms operating in the pharmaceutical industry could secure the success of their New Product Development process by employing the ‘Critical Success Factors approach’ (Schuh et al. 2012, p.3). The specific approach promotes the idea that the chances for the success of a business strategy can be significantly increased if the strategy is designed based on a series of factors (Schuh et al. 2012). These factors, as presented in Figure 1a, can affect the design of the business strategy at lower or at higher level depending on the industry involved and the conditions in the business environment (Schuh et al. 2012). In any case, the use of these factors could help a pharmaceutical firm to secure the competitiveness of its new products, as possible (Schuh et al. 2012). On the other hand, Figueiredo and Loiola (2012) explain that a drug development process is characterized by the continuous exchange of ideas; during the process many of these ideas are rejected while news can also appear. However, because the issues that need to be taken into consideration during the particular process can be many it should be wise for the managers working on such projects to screen each stage of the process as carefully as possible (Figueiredo and Loiola 2012, p.21). The economic aspects of drugs, as reflected in their Net

Donald Trump Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Donald Trump - Research Paper Example As such, all the people working under the leader will have different tasks in accomplishing a common goal. One of the epic leaders of this century is Donald trump. Trump insists that leaders should have control of organisations they lead. However, this is not to mean leaders should be dictatorial. As a fact, trump leads through the model of personality, which depicts five leadership traits. To begin with, trump suggests that leaders should have surgency. This is where leaders have convincing power to the people they lead. A leader should influence the understanding of the people to focus on the point of view from the leader. Similarly, the leaders should ensure the people they lead have focus on the mission, vision and objectives of the organisation. Therefore, there is a need for mutual understanding of all these aspects for success. When the people they lead have a mutual understanding of the vision, mission and objectives, they are likely to conform to the desires of the leaders ( Lussier and Achua, 2013). Consequentially, trump states that competitiveness is one of the traits that a leader should embrace. With competitiveness, the leader is able to mentor competitive workers. This in turn improves the competitiveness of the organisation. ... This leads to decisiveness in an organisation where decisions are made in the meanest time (Trump, 2005). Therefore, a leader must be in a position to influence agreement in an organisation. This is where a leader has to consider collecting ideas, feedback and thoughts from the subordinates and other workers. As such, a final decision should be substantive after collection of facts from the workers and subordinates. This will enhance decision making as all the interests of workers are considered. Similarly, there is need to enhance change, implementation and managing risks through collective decision-making. Though leaders have the authority and control of making decisions, they should consider the emphasis of the subordinates. Trump states that leaders who often agree with subordinates are better prepared to make a positive impact (Trump, 2011). This allows subordinates and other workers to work in coordination for a collective goal. However, when workers and their leaders do not ag ree, there are possibilities of flaws. This is a perfect way of instilling confusion in an organisation. As such, a quagmire will erupt in the collective goals that should be achieved. Therefore, a leader should engage all subordinates and workers in decision making to limit chances of confusion in the collective goals. Trump states that leaders should be prepared for adjustments. A leader has to be prepared for change when leading people at the work place. For example, in this era of technological advancement, a leader should be prepared to adore and embrace change. With each passing day, businesses and organisation are looking for better and effective methods of executing tasks (Lussier and Achua, 2013). Therefore, a leader that

The Gamble House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Gamble House - Essay Example Gamble House mood and symmetries tend to be different from other spacious contemporary buildings that were done in the 1900s. It has a casual mood that matches its localized symmetry. A very good example of the localization of symmetry in the masterpiece is the symmetrical organization of forms and spaces in relations to one another. In the three floors, the ceiling heights are different. The first-floor ceiling was the lowest while the den ceiling was the highest. Throughout the building, the scales and the forms shift constantly as one move from the interior towards the front and rear areas. The inclusion of the Gamble family attic in the third floor helped in making it a billiard room. A family crest, trailing rose and a crane were artistically integrated into many locations. Gamble House outdoor also symbolizes the historical building plans used in America during the 1990s. Outside the second-floor bedrooms are exterior porches that could be used for entertainment or for sleeping. The main terrace of the building was strategically designed and built to be privately beyond the back of the residence. Clinker boulders garden walls were also included to decorate the rear facade. The paths in the compound were made from stones forming a running brook across the lawns. The landscape and the garden elements were integrated into the required proportions and details. The Asian and Japanese influence on the structure can also be seen in the leaded glasses and the pine motif on the front door.

Summary and Conclusion to executive audience Essay

Summary and Conclusion to executive audience - Essay Example The company expects to meet all the database application and reporting requirements by development of policies, guidelines, standards, and practices in connection to the project. If all the stages of implementation are followed to the latter, then Riordan Manufacturing will successfully implement the database project for use in the finance and accounting department of the company. The diagrams used in the implementation of the project should be easily understandable and it is recommended that the users should add proper notes that would assist and aid in terms of understanding all the diagrams completely. Design is the important stage of the implementation of the project and should be done with a close coordination with all other aspects of the physical information system design. Design should be followed by documentation to guide the users. Database application will then be met if all the stages of implementation are followed to the

Zeitgeist and architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zeitgeist and architecture - Essay Example In respect of the building of choice in this paper, Le unite de Habitation du Marseille form Le Corbusier, It is important to underscore the fact that architectonic space is a syntactic language that attempts to transmit concepts through our most basic instincts. Architecture incorporates the reaction in philosophy and the beliefs of a particular time. Such architectural designs have a direct impact on space which also goes in line with time. From time immemorial art has been part of everyday life of people in various cultural settings. This has been the case with the various aspects of the society ranging from structures, interior design of houses, food arrangement patterns and designing of clothes. Various theoretical concepts have been advanced in respect of the philosophical factors that are taken into consideration when designing various buildings. Architecture is one of the oldest sciences that require in-depth understanding of various factors in respect of the desired structur e. A number of modern towns are experiencing increasing demand for housing with a blend of diverse architectural designs (Mitias, 1999). There are various theoretical concepts that are spoken by the structure itself once it is constructed. Architecture captures the space factor which is increasingly becoming scarce in most residential sites. There have been many cases of setting up buildings in a way that they blend with the topography of the site and the cultural affiliation with the immediate society. Various architecture scientists attest to the fact that the contemporary society strives to spare any little space and maximize the allocated site with an expansive interior and relatively slim exterior. It is common to come across a number of features in many cities which still represent the ancient architecture and are mainly taken through renovation with the building technique kept intact. The cultural affiliation of the people is an important factor in designing various architect ural pieces of art. The ancient time is a reflection of the origin of various concepts and socioeconomic and political concepts that dictated a given way of life amongst the members of the community. This explains the diverse architectural features that are found around the world and the cultural association they have with the given community. It is worth to note that the contemporary architecture considers the serenity of the surroundings and the complexity of the social characteristics of the society. This has been brought about by the increasing sensitivity of people towards colors and their blending (Gargiani, Le Corbusier, Rossellini & Piccolo, 2011). It is important to note that any sensitive architectural creation must incorporate the important influence of image to the public when designing a house. Design of a building says more than words about the prevailing culture, and it explains why some of the ancient buildings have kept under the UN conventions on preservation of cu ltural heritage. The contemporary emergence of globalization is driving urban centers towards over population and a beehive of commercial activities. This requires redefinition of planning the town in terms of structures. Space is becoming a great issue and this explains the research on how the architectures and town planners can come up with beautiful and space saving designs. The increasing competition for space is a matter of great concern among various competing demands of an urban center. There is a need for a revised polychromy of architecture. Ultra-modern art has seen most of the houses designed with vibrant colors and attractive interior design with paints that are water resistant for durability (Mitias, 1999). The adoption of

Communication Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Communication Analysis - Essay Example Combination of set of skills such as nonverbal communication, thoughtful listening, stress management in the moment, and the ability to recognize and understand ones own emotions and those of the person you’re communicating with, can efficiently drive the point home. The paper, therefore, tends to analyze a communication with the aim of identifying the techniques that need to be employed to make it useful. There is this case where an organization was planning to come up with a short-term project that would change the way various activities were carried out and all members were to get involved in carrying out the project. Planning officer was to come up with a procedural plan for how that project was to be carried out and, the only method that he could use in delivering the information about the project was through conducting organizational framework to allocate tasks. During the session, noises, poor feedback, poor non-verbal communication, an ambiguity of some terms, lack of confidence, lack of alternative channels as well as environmental friendliness. The project was effectively done through the organization experienced low morale of the employees, reduced efficiency of the project as well a lack of innovation. From the above it is many cleats that the organization did not achieve its target and, experienced a significant loss. The primary cause of the problem was not the project itself but the manner in which communication was carried out by the planning officer while addressing the employees. Poor listening skills led to a lot of noises, and no one understood what was being said. Listening involve paying close attention to what is being said and asking a question where necessary. The issue of collectivism was to be given much weight as working as a family or one group as it could have helped in yielding much fruit. The employees did not pay attention to the speaker may be because they thought they could do it without

The Attack On 911 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Attack On 911 - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the 911 attack is known as the worst terrorist that the American history that changed the lives of the citizens and the world at large. The attack refers to a sequence of well- organized terrorist attacks that were instigated by the Al Qaeda in New York City. Terrorists hijacked two passenger airlines and flew them into buildings in suicide attacks. Two planes were crashed into the World Trade Centre and two hours following the attack the two Towers caved in. The fires and debris fully or partially destroyed the structures that were in the surrounding. Another airline crashed into the West wing of the Pentagon resulting in its partial destruction. The fourth airliner crashed in Pennsylvania but was meant to crash in Washington D. C. Most Americans were interested in finding out the individuals who were behind the worst terrorist attack in history. Investigation showed that nineteen terrorists hijacked four airlines and all of them were from the Middle East. It was clear that all of them belonged to the renowned Al Qaeda terrorist faction that was headed by Osama bin Laden who was among the most sought-after terrorists in the modern times. Al Qaeda is known to be a well- organized terrorist group that practices extreme Islam practices. Members of this group are also immensely opposed to Western nations mainly the United States. They termed the 9/11 attack as a revenge mission against the US.

The Little Ice Agehistory middle ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Little Ice Agehistory middle ages - Essay Example These dramatic glacial advances often had important realistic consequences for nearby human populations. In the Chamonix valley which is quite close to Mont Blanc, France, numerous farms and villages were lost to the advancing front of a nearby mountain glacier. (Mann, ) The damage was so menacing that the commoners sought the help of the Bishop of Geneva to perform an exorcism of the dark forces which is presumed to be the ones responsible for such weather disturbance. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries such societal threats were common, since many glaciers extended well beyond their previous historical limits. Colder conditions combined with altered patterns of atmospheric movement, appear to be tied to the prevalent crop failures in the more northern areas of Europe during that time. During the 17th to 19th centuries, there are prevalent accounts of famine, disease, and increased child mortality in Europe which are partly related to the extreme colder temperatures and d istorted weather conditions. Undoubtedly in the European society, not all effects of the climate changes were harmful. When the Thames River in London froze, it was celebrated with a winter carnival. Furthermore, the colder climate appears to serve as an inspiration for some writers during that time. Charles Dickens' idea of the old-fashioned white Christmas was a concept that bloomed from the icy winters and frequent cold weather. The Little Ice Age may have been more significant in terms of increased variability of the climate, rather than changes in the average climate itself. Based from Michael E Mann's write up on Little Ice Age, it is said that the most dramatic climate extremes were less associated with prolonged multiyear periods of cold than with year to year temperature changes, or even particularly prominent individual cold spells, and these events were often quite specific to particular seasons. In Switzerland, for instance, the first particularly cold winters appear to have begun in the 1550s, with cold springs beginning around 1568: the year 1573 had the first unusually cold summer (Pfister, 1995). The increased unpredictability of the climate truly led to extreme changes between unusually cold winters and relatively warm summers. A harsh winter followed the hot summer that precipitated the Great Fire of London in the year 1666. This also weather alteration further added to the restlessness of pea sants who plagued the Bastille in Paris during the summer of 1789. The demise of the Norse settlements in Greenland that had been established during the early centuries of the second millennium has constantly been blamed from the cooling of the Little Ice Age. When the sea ice extended in the North Atlantic it certainly created problems for fishermen in Iceland and Scandinavia especially the Norse settlements in Iceland and Greenland. During the 14th century, the Norse settlements relied on trade with the mainland Europe but because of the increased winter some trade routes between Scandinavia and Greenland closed. With their food base affected since they are also unable to hunt sea mammals in the winter, Norse fortunes also declined rapidly. Malnutrition and premature deaths plagued

The Integration of African-American in Competitive Basketball Essay Example for Free

The Integration of African-American in Competitive Basketball Essay Basketball was invented by the Canadian-American physician, educator, and clergyman James Naismith in December 1891, who was then an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. The game of basketball being played by both men and women rapidly spread around America and Canada, as well as in other parts of the world. Because of its attractiveness as an informal outdoor game, servicemen of the United States all through the World War II played and introduced the sport in numerous countries. Between 1893 and 1895, many colleges in the United States adopted the game, and for the first time in 1934, college games were played in New York City’s Madison Square Garden, therefore attracting much interest in college basketball. By the 1950s, basketball had developed into a major college sport, leading the way for the escalation of interest in and, consequently, development of professional basketball in 1898 by the National Basketball League. By 1960s, professional teams from every State played before millions of crowds annually. Since the 1980s the National Basketball Association, successor of the NBL, has become one of the most well-liked sports organizations in the world, relatively on account of the marketability of several remarkable star players, most notably the African-American descents like Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. Discrimination of African-American in College Basketball Leagues During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, competitive sports were greatly recognized in the United States. Although basketball, unlike in baseball, hockey, and football, was an urban sport played by a diverse population on every level, African-American players were excluded (Parks, Quarterman, Thibault, 2007, p. 99). Because of the popularity of basketball, the American Basketball Association was organized in 1925 and as expected no African-Americans were allowed to join. The case was also true for the Basketball Association of America, which was organized in 1946. Up until 1950, universities and colleges, mainly in the South side of the United States, were prohibited to have a team sport composed of black and white players in view of the Jim Crow Laws. Nevertheless, a number of predominant white universities in the North side of the country did utilize African-Americans on their basketball teams. Some examples were William King of Long Island University, Lawrence Bleach of Detroit University, and Ben Franklin and Bob Yancy of Boston University. Jim Crow Laws Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, in the South side of the United States, it was not unusual for whites and blacks to make use of the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions started to strip away the accomplishments of the Reconstruction movement. Following the American Civil War, most States in South passed state and local anti-African legislation, which were eventually recognized as Jim Crow laws. This included laws that discriminated against African-Americans with regards to public schools attendance and the use of facilities such as public baths, cinemas, hotels, theaters and restaurants. Jim Crow was more than a series of unyielding anti-Black laws, as it was at the time considered a lifestyle. Eventually, however, in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education case, the Supreme Court of the United States declared State-sponsored school segregation as unconstitutional, and the remaining Jim Crow laws were generally overruled by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 236). Integration of African-Americans in Professional Basketball Prior to the integration of any of the major sport leagues, the National Basketball League already welcomed African-American players that, as a result, forever changed the games. Most followers of the sport may not even be aware of the African-American players and the National Basketball League’s ground-breaking undertakings given that the integration in the NBL and professional basketball in general came with much less elaboration and fewer setbacks than it did in other major sports. In 1942, the National Basketball League, a forerunner to the National Basketball Association, became the first major professional basketball league of the contemporary period to integrate (Parks, Quarterman, Thibault, 2007, p. 99). Integration of African-American in basketball came 16 years before Willie O’Ree skated for the National Hockey League’s Boston Bruins, five years before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball, and four years before Kenny Washington played football for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 235). Unlike professional hockey, football, and baseball, basketball did not integrate a single black player, seeing that during the 1942-1943 season, the National Basketball League integrated 10 African-American players for the two of the league’s teams, namely the Chicago Studebakers and the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets. Bill Jones, a college star-player at the University of Toledo, and one of the last living African-American players from that period, played four games for the Chevrolets. Jones, together with his fellow African-American teammates, Casey Jones, Al Price, and Shanty Barnett, made an immediate impression on the league, introducing some much-needed athleticism and speed to the game. The effect of African-American players to the game, by virtue of their skill, was instantly felt by the fans and other players. In 1943, the National Basketball League’s Cleveland franchise acquired African-American players, and by the same year blacks were playing in such cities as Youngstown, Rochester, and Tri-Cities. Eventually, in 1948 the Dayton team as well integrated. Notwithstanding their pioneering endeavors, both the Toledo and Studebakers disbanded. Nevertheless, the National Basketball League’s contribution to the integration of basketball continued all the way through the league’s final season in 1948-49. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1946-47 season that African-American players joined the league in appreciable numbers. The Rochester Royals, behind owner Les Harrison, acquired former Long Island University star Dolly King, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks signed the Harlem Renaissance star William â€Å"Pop† Gates, and Youngstown acquired the versatile Bill Farrow. Eventually, the Dayton Rens, coached by Gates, became the first all-African-American team to ever participate in a white dominated professional league. In 1965, Texas Western University with a team exclusively composed of African-American players, won the Division I NCAA Championship. It was the first time in an NCAA title game that an all-Black team played an all-white team (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 244). Integration and Popularity of African-American in the NBA Although 80 percent of the current National Basketball Association players are African-American, yet in the first half of the 20th century professional basketball was contaminated by acts of racism, keeping numerous talented African-American off the courts. Originally, every team in the NBA was made up of entirely Caucasian players, but the 1950’s opened several significant changes for African-Americans in the world of basketball. Chuck Cooper became the first African-American to play in the National Basketball Association, and from 1950 to 1960, the professional league witnessed the arrivals of Elgin Baylor, Oscar Robertson, Wilt Chamberlain, and Bill Russell (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 235). The aforesaid players started the ball rolling for Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, Michael Jordan and now Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. In a period of 50 years, American professional basketball started out from 100 percent down to only 16 percent European-American players, and today, African-American dominated the rosters of the National Basketball Association. In part this trend of professional basketball rosters can be attributed to the ways in which African-American players bring to the game. In 1996, the National Basketball Association named its all time fifty greatest players, composing of 31 African-American and 18 European-American. In 2001, the Basketball Hall of Fame included 34 African-Americans out of the 113 inductees. To a number of fans and many in the media today, the appeal of basketball is tied up with admiring concept of African-American life. Conclusion Basketball is a team competition that has been changed by the presence of African-American, and is now becoming a significant lightning-rod of social, political and cultural change in the United States for over a century. Although the power and grace of Black athleticism has now achieved the high regard and approval of the world, yet for years it was forced to stay on the bench, as segregation in America were severely grounded on race. Like other areas of society, African-Americans’ struggle to be admitted into the world of professional basketball revealed the discriminatory policies and segregated practices of the time. The history of American basketball reveals a compelling chronicle regarding athletic competition in a nation struggling to live up to its principles of democracy and equality. The professional league was without doubt forward thinking and ahead of its time in the utilization and integration of African-American basketball players. Even so, African-American pioneering players have squarely fortified the impact brought by the National Basketball League. People may not appropriately recognize the effects of their undertaking today given that very little recognition has been attributed to the pioneering players of the National Basketball League. Accordingly, African-Americans have changed the National Basketball Association and the manner the game is played today. Collectively African-American players helped bring new confidence, excitement, and energy to professional basketball. The integration is, without doubt, an indicator of the social, political and cultural maturity in the United States. Speech Presentation During the 1950s, basketball had developed into a major sport, leading the way for the intensification of interest in the game. The game of basketball, unlike in baseball, hockey, and football, was an urban sport played by a diverse population on every level; nevertheless, African-American players were excluded. Universities and colleges, mainly in the South side of the United States, were prohibited to have a team sport composed of black and white players in view of the Jim Crow Laws. In 1942, the National Basketball League, a forerunner to the National Basketball Association, became the first major professional basketball league to integrate. The professional league was forward thinking and ahead of its time in the employment and integration of African-American basketball players. Unlike professional hockey, football, and baseball, basketball did not integrate a single black player, seeing that during the 1942-43 season, the National Basketball League integrated 10 African-American players. The effect of African-American players to the game, by virtue of their skill, was instantly felt by the fans and other players. Chuck Cooper became the first African-American to play in the National Basketball Association, and from 1950 to 1960, the professional league witnessed the arrivals of Elgin Baylor, Oscar Robertson, Wilt Chamberlain, and Bill Russell. The aforesaid players started the ball rolling for Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, Michael Jordan and now Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. Although the power and grace of Black athleticism has now achieved the high regard and approval of the world, yet for years it was forced to stay on the bench. Like other areas of society, the African-Americans’ struggle to be admitted into the world of professional basketball revealed the discriminatory policies and segregated practices of the time. Without a doubt, the history of American basketball reveals a compelling chronicle concerning athletic competition in a nation struggling to live up to its principles of democracy and equality. References Miller, P. B. , Wiggins, D. (2004). Sport and the color line: black athletes and race relations in twentieth-century America. New York: Routledge. Parks, J. B. , Quarterman, J. , Thibault, L. (2007). Contemporary sport management. Human Kinetics.

What Is The Main Purpose Of A Satellite Media Essay

What Is The Main Purpose Of A Satellite Media Essay A satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path. The moon is Earths original, natural satellite, and there are many manmade (artificial) satellites, usually closer to Earth. The path a satellite follows is an orbit. In the orbit, the farthest point from Earth is the apogee, and the nearest point is the perigee. Artificial satellites generally are not mass-produced. Most satellites are custom built to perform their intended functions. Exceptions include the GPS satellites (with over 20 copies in orbit) and the Iridium satellites (with over 60 copies in orbit). Approximately 23,000 items of space junk objects large enough to track with radar that were inadvertently placed in orbit or have outlived their usefulness are floating above Earth. The actual number varies depending on which agency is counting. Payloads that go into the wrong orbit, satellites with run-down batteries and leftover rocket boosters all contribute to the count. This online catalog of satellites has almost 26,000 entries! Although anything that is in orbit around Earth is technically a satellite, the term satellite is typically used to describe a useful object placed in orbit purposely to perform some specific mission or task. In other words, satellite also refers to an artificial satellite also which is a man-made object that orbits the Earth or another body. Scientists may also use the term to refer to natural satellite. Natural Satellite Moon, the common noun, is used to mean any natural satellite. There are at least 140 moons within the solar system and in fact many others orbiting the planets of other stars. There is a standard model of moon formation from the same collapsing region of protoplanetary disk. This give rise to primary. There are also exceptions or variations in this regard. Several moons are thought to be captured asteroids; others may be fragments of larger moons collapsed by impacts, a portion of the planet itself blasted into orbit by a large impact. As most moons are known only through a few observations via investigations or telescopes, most theories about their origins are still uncertain. Artificial Satellites An artificial satellite is a manufactured object that continuously orbits Earth or some other body in space. Most artificial satellites orbit Earth. People use them to study the universe, help forecast the weather, transfer telephone calls over the oceans, assist in the navigation of ships and aircraft, monitor crops and other resources, and support military activities. Artificial satellites also have orbited the moon, the sun, asteroids, and the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Such satellites mainly gather information about the bodies they orbit. Piloted spacecraft in orbit, such as space capsules, space shuttle orbiters, and space stations, are also considered artificial satellites. So, too, are orbiting pieces of space junk, such as burned-out rocket boosters and empty fuel tanks that have not fallen to Earth. Artificial satellites differ from natural satellites, natural objects that orbit a planet. Earths moon is a natural satellite. The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. Since then, the United States and about 40 other countries have developed, launched, and operated satellites. Today, about 3,000 useful satellites and 6,000 pieces of space junk are orbiting Earth. Satellite orbits Satellite orbits have a variety of shapes. Some are circular, while others are highly elliptical (egg-shaped). Orbits also vary in altitude. Some circular orbits, for example, are just above the atmosphere at an altitude of about 155 miles (250 kilometers), while others are more than 20,000 miles (32,200 kilometers) above Earth. The greater the altitude, the longer the orbital period the time it takes a satellite to complete one orbit. A satellite remains in orbit because of a balance between the satellites velocity (speed at which it would travel in a straight line) and the gravitational force between the satellite and Earth. Were it not for the pull of gravity, a satellites velocity would send it flying away from Earth in a straight line. But were it not for velocity, gravity would pull a satellite back to Earth. To help understand the balance between gravity and velocity, consider what happens when a small weight is attached to a string and swung in a circle. If the string were to break, the weight would fly off in a straight line. However, the string acts like gravity, keeping the weight in its orbit. The weight and string can also show the relationship between a satellites altitude and its orbital period. A long string is like a high altitude. The weight takes a relatively long time to complete one circle. A short string is like a low altitude. The weight has a relatively short orbital period. Many types of orbits exist, but most artificial satellites orbiting Earth travel in one of four types: (1) high altitude, geosynchronous; (2) medium altitude, (3) sun-synchronous, polar; and (4) low altitude. Most orbits of these four types are circular. A high altitude, geosynchronous orbit lies above the equator at an altitude of about 22,300 miles (35,900 kilometers). A satellite in this orbit travels around Earths axis in exactly the same time, and in the same direction, as Earth rotates about its axis. Thus, as seen from Earth, the satellite always appears at the same place in the sky overhead. To boost a satellite into this orbit requires a large, powerful launch vehicle. A medium altitude orbit has an altitude of about 12,400 miles (20,000 kilometers) and an orbital period of 12 hours. The orbit is outside Earths atmosphere and is thus very stable. Radio signals sent from a satellite at medium altitude can be received over a large area of Earths surface. The stability and wide coverage of the orbit make it ideal for navigation satellites. A sun-synchronous, polar orbit has a fairly low altitude and passes almost directly over the North and South poles. A slow drift of the orbits position is coordinated with Earths movement around the sun in such a way that the satellite always crosses the equator at the same local time on Earth. Because the satellite flies over all latitudes, its instruments can gather information on almost the entire surface of Earth. One example of this type of orbit is that of the TERRA Earth Observing Systems NOAA-H satellite. This satellite studies how natural cycles and human activities affect Earths climate. The altitude of its orbit is 438 miles (705 kilometers), and the orbital period is 99 minutes. When the satellite crosses the equator, the local time is always either 10:30 a.m. or 10:30 p.m. A low altitude orbit is just above Earths atmosphere, where there is almost no air to cause drag on the spacecraft and reduce its speed. Less energy is required to launch a satellite into this type of orbit than into any other orbit. Satellites that point toward deep space and provide scientific information generally operate in this type of orbit. The Hubble Space Telescope, for example, operates at an altitude of about 380 miles (610 kilometers), with an orbital period of 97 minutes. Types of artificial satellites Artificial satellites are classified according to their mission. There are six main types of artificial satellites: (1) scientific research, (2) weather, (3) communications, (4) navigation, (5) Earth observing, and (6) military. Scientific research satellites gather data for scientific analysis. These satellites are usually designed to perform one of three kinds of missions. (1) Some gather information about the composition and effects of the space near Earth. They may be placed in any of various orbits, depending on the type of measurements they are to make. (2) Other satellites record changes in Earth and its atmosphere. Many of them travel in sun-synchronous, polar orbits. (3) Still others observe planets, stars, and other distant objects. Most of these satellites operate in low altitude orbits. Scientific research satellites also orbit other planets, the moon, and the sun. Weather Satellites Weather satellites help scientists study weather patterns and forecast the weather. Weather satellites observe the atmospheric conditions over large areas. Some weather satellites travel in a sun-synchronous, polar orbit, from which they make close, detailed observations of weather over the entire Earth. Their instruments measure cloud cover, temperature, air pressure, precipitation, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Because these satellites always observe Earth at the same local time of day, scientists can easily compare weather data collected under constant sunlight conditions. The network of weather satellites in these orbits also functions as a search and rescue system. They are equipped to detect distress signals from all commercial, and many private, planes and ships. Other weather satellites are placed in high altitude, geosynchronous orbits. From these orbits, they can always observe weather activity over nearly half the surface of Earth at the same time. These satellites photograph changing cloud formations. They also produce infrared images, which show the amount of heat coming from Earth and the clouds. Communication Satellites Communications satellites serve as relay stations, receiving radio signals from one location and transmitting them to another. A communications satellite can relay several television programs or many thousands of telephone calls at once. Communications satellites are usually put in a high altitude, geosynchronous orbit over a ground station. A ground station has a large dish antenna for transmitting and receiving radio signals. Sometimes, a group of low orbit communications satellites arranged in a network, called a constellation, work together by relaying information to each other and to users on the ground. Countries and commercial organizations, such as television broadcasters and telephone companies, use these satellites continuously. Navigation Satellites Navigation satellites enable operators of aircraft, ships, and land vehicles anywhere on Earth to determine their locations with great accuracy. Hikers and other people on foot can also use the satellites for this purpose. The satellites send out radio signals that are picked up by a computerized receiver carried on a vehicle or held in the hand. Navigation satellites operate in networks, and signals from a network can reach receivers anywhere on Earth. The receiver calculates its distance from at least three satellites whose signals it has received. It uses this information to determine its location. Earth Observing Satellites Earth observing satellites are used to map and monitor our planets resources and ever-changing chemical life cycles. They follow sun-synchronous, polar orbits. Under constant, consistent illumination from the sun, they take pictures in different colors of visible light and non-visible radiation. Computers on Earth combine and analyze the pictures. Scientists use Earth observing satellites to locate mineral deposits, to determine the location and size of freshwater supplies, to identify sources of pollution and study its effects, and to detect the spread of disease in crops and forests. Military Satellites Military satellites include weather, communications, navigation, and Earth observing satellites used for military purposes. Some military satellites often called spy satellites can detect the launch of missiles, the course of ships at sea, and the movement of military equipment on the ground. The life and death of a satellite Building a satellite Every satellite carries special instruments that enable it to perform its mission. For example, a satellite that studies the universe has a telescope. A satellite that helps forecast the weather carries cameras to track the movement of clouds. In addition to such mission-specific instruments, all satellites have basic subsystems; groups of devices that help the instruments work together and keep the satellite operating. For example, a power subsystem generates, stores, and distributes a satellites electric power. This subsystem may include panels of solar cells that gather energy from the sun. Command and data handling subsystems consist of computers that gather and process data from the instruments and execute commands from Earth. A satellites instruments and subsystems are designed, built, and tested individually. Workers install them on the satellite one at a time until the satellite is complete. Then the satellite is tested under conditions like those that the satellite will encounter during launch and while in space. If the satellite passes all tests, it is ready to be launched. Launching the satellite Space shuttles carry some satellites into space, but most satellites are launched by rockets that fall into the ocean after their fuel is spent. Many satellites require minor adjustments of their orbit before they begin to perform their function. Built-in rockets called thrusters make these adjustments. Once a satellite is placed into a stable orbit, it can remain there for a long time without further adjustment. Performing the mission Most satellites operate are directed from a control center on Earth. Computers and human operators at the control center monitor the satellites position, send instructions to its computers, and retrieve information that the satellite has gathered. The control center communicates with the satellite by radio. Ground stations within the satellites range send and receive the radio signals. A satellite does not usually receive constant direction from its control center. It is like an orbiting robot. It controls its solar panels to keep them pointed toward the sun and keeps its antennas ready to receive commands. Its instruments automatically collect information. Satellites in a high altitude, geosynchronous orbit are always in contact with Earth. Ground stations can contact satellites in low orbits as often as 12 times a day. During each contact, the satellite transmits information and receives instructions. Each contact must be completed during the time the satellite passes overhead about 10 minutes. If some part of a satellite breaks down, but the satellite remains capable of doing useful work, the satellite owner usually will continue to operate it. In some cases, ground controllers can repair or reprogram the satellite. In rare instances, space shuttle crews have retrieved and repaired satellites in space. If the satellite can no longer perform usefully and cannot be repaired or reprogrammed, operators from the control center will send a signal to shut it off. Falling from orbit A satellite remains in orbit until its velocity decreases and gravitational force pulls it down into a relatively dense part of the atmosphere. A satellite slows down due to occasional impact with air molecules in the upper atmosphere and the gentle pressure of the suns energy. When the gravitational force pulls the satellite down far enough into the atmosphere, the satellite rapidly compresses the air in front of it. This air becomes so hot that most or all of the satellite burns up. Importance of Satellite Satellites were exotic, top-secret devices. They were used primarily in a military capacity, for activities such as navigation and espionage. Now they are an essential part of our daily lives. We see and recognize their use in weather reports, television transmission by DIRECTV and the DISH Network, and everyday telephone calls. In many other instances, satellites play a background role that escapes our notice: Some newspapers and magazines are more timely because they transmit their text and images to multiple printing sites via satellite to speed local distribution. Before sending signals down the wire into our houses, cable television depends on satellites to distribute its transmissions. The most reliable taxi and limousine drivers are sometimes using the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS) to take us to the proper destination. The goods we buy often reach distributors and retailers more efficiently and safely because trucking firms track the progress of their vehicles with the same GPS. Sometimes firms will even tell their drivers that they are driving too fast. Emergency radio beacons from downed aircraft and distressed ships may reach search-and-rescue teams when satellites relay the signal. Miniaturized satellite Classification: Minisatellite Microsatellite Nanosatellite Picosatellite Miniaturized satellites are artificial satellites of ordinarily low weights and small sizes, usually under 500Â  kg (1,100 lb.). While all such satellites can be referred to as small satellites, different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass as given below. One reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost: heavier satellites require larger rockets of greater cost to finance; smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples. They can also be launched piggyback, using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs as well as ease of mass production, although few satellites of any size other than communications constellations where dozens of satellites are used to cover the globe have been mass produced in practice. Besides the cost issue, the main motivation for the use of miniaturized satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as: Constellations for low data rate communications. Using formations to gather data from multiple points. In-orbit inspection of larger satellites. Minisatellite The term minisatellite usually refers to an artificial satellite with a wet mass (including fuel) between 100 and 500 kg (220 and 1,100 lb.), though these are usually simply called small satellites. Minisatellites are usually simpler but use the same technologies as larger satellites. Microsatellite Microsatellite or microsat is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 10 and 100 kg (22 and 220 lb.). However, this is not an official convention and sometimes microsat can refer to satellites larger than that. Sometimes designs or proposed designs of these types have microsatellites working together or in a formation. The generic term small satellite is also sometimes used. Nanosatellite The term nanosatellite or nanosat is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 1 and 10 kg (2.2 and 22 lb.). Again designs and proposed designs of these types usually have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term swarm is applied). Some designs require a larger mother satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites. Picosatellite Picosatellite or picosat (not to be confused with the PICOSat series of microsatellites) is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between .1 and 1 kg (0.22 and 2.2 lb.). Again designs and proposed designs of these types usually have multiple Picosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term swarm is applied). Some designs require a larger mother satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with Picosatellite. The CubeSat design, with 1 kg maximum mass, is an example of a large Picosatellite . Cube Sat A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that usually has a volume of exactly one liter (10Â  cm cube), weighs no more than 1.33 kilogram, and typically uses commercial off-the-shelf electronics components. CubeSat isometric drawing Since CubeSats are all 1010 cm (regardless of length) they can all be launched and deployed using a common deployment system. CubeSats are typically launched and deployed from a mechanism called a Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), also developed and built by Cal Poly. The P-POD is a rectangular box with a door and a spring mechanism. It is made up of anodized aluminum. They are mounted to a launch vehicle and carry CubeSats into orbit and deploy them once the proper signal is received from the launch vehicle. The P-POD Mk III has capacity for three 1U CubeSats however, since three 1U CubeSats are exactly the same size as one 3U CubeSat, and two 1U CubeSats are the same size as one 2U CubeSat, the P-POD can deploy 1U, 2U, or 3U CubeSats in any combination up to a maximum volume of 3U. CubeSats are being used for everything from environmental sensing and fundamental biology research to testing new space flight systems. Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD) and cross section CubeSat forms a cost-effective independent means of getting a payload into orbit. Most CubeSats carry one or two scientific instruments as their primary mission payload. Several companies and research institutes offer regular launch opportunities in clusters of several cubes. ISC Kosmotras and Eurokot are two companies that offer such services. The biggest advantage of Nano- and Pico-satellites is that they are a bargain. Most of the cost saving comes at the launch stage. Unlike conventional satellites, they dont need a dedicated launch vehicle where they are the primary payload. Their affordability also comes from being built with off-the-shelf electronic circuit chips such as microprocessors and radio frequency transmitters and receivers. These are the same components that are inside smart phones, hand-held Global Positioning system units, and digital cameras.

A Definition Of Monopoly Economics Essay

A Definition Of Monopoly Economics Essay Monopoly is an industry that has only one firm that sells a good which has no close substitutes. Monopoly firms also represent industries because there are no other firms in the market. Products that are from monopoly market are electricity, water, cable television, local telephone services and many more. Examples of monopoly firm in Malaysia is Tenaga Nasional Berhad, TNBs unique position as a monopoly in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. TNB is the only firm that provides us electricity to every building in Malaysia. Another monopoly firm in Malaysia that only provide sewerage services is Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd. Indah Water Konsortium is the only firm in Malaysia that mainly responsible for operating and maintaining the public sewage treatment plants and network of underground sewerage pipelines. Characteristics of Monopoly Market One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly market characteristics are they is only one producer or seller in the market and there are many buyers. Therefore, the firm had the power to control the whole market whether it is from the angle of determining the price or the quantity of production. A monopolist has the power to determine the level of price because there is no competition from other firms. Therefore, if the monopolist intends to sell a bigger quantity, it has to reduce the price. This means that the monopolist can only control the price or the quantity of sales, and not both at once. No close substitution Furthermore, monopoly firms goods have no substitutes, its means consumers have no choice other than what is produced by the monopolist and they cant find any substitute of the product. For example, Telekom Malaysia is a firms that provide home telephone services which has no close substitutes but if the buyer can find another firms that provide home telephone service therefore the product is no longer in monopoly. Restriction of entry of new firms All the competitors are prevented from entering the market due to strict barriers to the entry of new firm. To restrict the entry of new firms into the industry, there are barriers to entry that are natural or legal restrictions. There are no competition faces by monopolist is because of barriers of entry. Advertising A monopolist doesnt need to advertise their product or services to increase sales because monopolist had the right to control the market and consumers know where to obtain the products and they have no choice to buy from other producer. Monopoly firms that provide local public utilities such as water, electricity and home phone services doesnt need to advertise since they are the only firms that provide it and customers had no choice to buy it from another firm. Intro to Question 2 It is traditional to divide industries into categories according to the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry. There are four such categories. First of all is perfect competition is the market where there is a large number of buyers and seller. The goods sold in the market are homogenous where most of the goods are alike and most likely the same. Therefore, sellers can easily enter and exit from the market. Most of the agricultural goods are included in perfect competition market such as vegetables, fruits, rice, coffee beans, wheat, primary commodities, gold, silver and others. Second will be monopolistic is a market structure in which there are large numbers of small sellers selling differentiated products but these are close substitute products and have easy entry into and exit from the market. Most of the products in monopolistic competition are substitutes and the only differences of the products are such as branding. Unlike perfect competition, in monopolistic competition market, most of the products are different, but goods are close substitutes for one another. Products that are under monopolistic competition are shoes, clothes, books, watches, toothpastes, soaps, ice creams, chocolates and many more. Next will be oligopoly, where it is a market structure in which there are only one firms selling either standardized or differentiated products and it restricts the entry into and exit from the market. Due to difficult or impossible for new firms to enter the market, most of the firms in oligopoly market can earn abnormal profits in long run. Examples for this market are cigarettes, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement Lastly monopoly, where it is only exists when an industry or market has only one producer. Most of the public utility firms are in monopoly market. Features of the four market structures Type of Market Number of Firms Freedom of entry Nature of product Examples Implication for demand curve for firm Perfect competition Very many Unrestricted Homogeneous (Undifferentiated) Cabbages, carrots, local farmer (these approximate to perfect competition) Horizontal. The firm is a price taker. Monopolistic competition Many/several Unrestricted Differentiated Builders, restaurants Downward sloping, but relatively elastic. The firm has some control over price Oligopoly Few Restricted 1. Undifferentiated 2. Differentiated 1. Cement 2. Cars, electrical appliances Downward sloping, relatively inelastic but depends on reactions of rivals to a price change Monopoly One Restricted or completely blocked Unique Public utility Downward sloping, more inelastic than oligopoly, The firm has considerable control over price Comparison of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition Similarities There are large number of firms in both markets. Seller from both markets are easily enter and exit from the market. The firms maximizes profit when MR is equal to MC. Firms from both market may earn economic profit or normal profit or incur losses in short run. While in long run, perfect competitive and monopolistic competitive firms earn only normal profit. Differences of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition The forces of demand and supply for the entire industry determine prices in the perfect competition market. While, in monopolistic competition market, every firm has its own price policy. In can be conclude as perfect competition firms are price takers and monopolistic firms are price makers. A perfect competitive firm sells homogenous products while monopolistic competitive firm sells product that are differentiated product. Product differentiation may lead monopolistic competition in selling cost. There are large number of firms that are in perfect competition while only fairy large number of firms in monopolistic competition. A perfect competitive firms demand curve is perfectly elastic and MR curve is equal to average revenue curve but in monopolistic competitive firm, the demand curve is downward sloping and MR curve is also downward sloping, which lies below the average revenue curve. Differences of Oligopoly and Monopoly Oligopoly is a market structural in which there are a few number of firms in the industry that produce either identical or differentiated product.

Andrew Johnson Resignation :: essays research papers fc

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson With the assassination of Lincoln, the presidency fell upon an old-fashioned southerner named Andrew Johnson. Although an honest and honorable man, Andrew Johnson was one of the most unfortunate Presidents. Over time there has been a controversial debate as to whether Johnson deserved to be impeached, or if it was an unconstitutional attempt by Congress to infringe upon the presidents authority. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was politically motivated. The spirit of the Jacksonian democracy inspired Andrew Johnson. From this influence he helped found the Democratic Party in his region and became elected to the town council in 1829. After serving in his town council for two years he was elected mayor in 1831. Johnson was a strict constructionist and an advocate of states' rights who distrusted the power of government at all levels. Following his term as Mayor Johnson won elections to the Tennessee State legislature in 1835, 1839, and 1841. After serving these terms he was elected to Congress in 1843. As a member of the US House, Johnson opposed government involvement in the nations economy through tariffs and internal improvements. In 1852 Johnson lost his seat in the US House because of gerrymandering by the Whig- dominated state legislature. (Jackson) Following his loss he came back in 1853 to win a narrow victory for governor and served two terms. In 1857, Johnson was then elected to represent Tennessee in the US Senate. While se rving in the Senate Johnson became an advocate of the Homestead Bill, which was opposed by most Southern Democrats and their slave owning, plantation constituents. (Kennedy) This issue strained the already tense relations between Johnson and the wealthy planters in western Tennessee. Eventually the party split into regional factions. Johnson made the decision to back the Southern Democratic nominee, John Breckinridge. By this time the rupture between Johnson and most Southern Democrats was too deep to heal. The break became final when Johnson allied himself with pro-union Whigs to fight the Secessionist Democrats in his state for several months. When the Civil War began, Johnson was the only Senator from a Confederate state that did not leave Congress to return to the South. During the war, Johnson made the decision to join the Republicans in the National Union Party. In 1864, Johnson's big break came. Lincoln selected him as vice presidential running mate on the National running mate. When it came time for Johnson to deliver his inaugural address he delivered it while inebriated, lending credence to the rumors that he was an alcoholic.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: Harper Lee Kill Mockingbird Essays

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is a highly regarded work of American fiction. The story of the novel teaches us many lessons that should last any reader for a lifetime. The messages that Harper Lee relays to the reader are exemplified throughout the book using various methods. One of the most important and significant methods was the use of symbols such as the mockingbird image. Another important method was showing the view through a growing child's (Scout Finch) mind, eyes, ears, and mouth. There is another very significant method that was used. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee utilizes the effects of irony, sarcasm, and hypocrisy to criticize a variety of elements in Southern life. Harper Lee employs the effects of irony in To Kill a Mockingbird as a way to criticize the deficiency of public education. "Now tell your father not to teach you any more. It's best to begin reading with a fresh mind." (pG. 22) Instead of praising Scout's ability to read at an advanced level, Miss Caroline discourages it. This ironic example set by Miss Caroline seems to demonstrate the inadequate training that she had received for her occupation. Miss Caroline seems to have been instructed upon a strict standard on how her students are expected to behave, but when she encounters something different, such as Scout's advanced ability to read, she advises Scout to stop being advanced, whereas a modern-day schoolteacher would capitalize on Scout's ability to read and encourage her to read more. "You won't learn to write until you're in the third grade." (pg. 23) The strict, recipe-style, rubric method of teaching that Miss Caroline uses is once again emphasized here. Miss Caroline once again discourages Scout's advanced abilities and regards Scout's ability with contempt. "The Dewey Decimal System consisted, in part, of Miss Caroline waving cards at us which were printed 'the,' 'cat,' 'rat,' 'man,' and 'you.'" (pg. 23) The Dewey Teaching Method was supposed to place an emphasis on "active" learning, yet the irony in Miss Caroline's "use" of it was that her teaching method wasn't "active" at all. It was, in fact, extremely passive. The students in the class didn't do anything. They became extremely bored and learned very little. As I have established, the use of irony clearly reveals the deficiency of the public education system in the 1930's. Teachers did not seem to be trained enough to handle the vast abilities of their students.

Why You Shouldn’t Use Credit Cards

The credit card companies and banks are getting richer, while most Americans are getting more in debt. The economy is in trouble, therefore, more and more people are relying on credit cards. In today’s society we are constantly trying to get out of debt, but in the process of trying to get ourselves out of debt, we create more debt. One of the major problems that most of us are dealing with is credit card debt. Most credit card companies are not looking out for your best interest. They are constantly raising interest rates. Minimum payments are just enough to cover the finance charges. Most Americans should not use credit cards for the following reasons: it will create bad spending habits; you will incur more debt affecting credit score rating; and possibly make you a victim of identity theft. In my opinion, a credit card should be used for purchases that you are able to pay off in full upon receiving your statement, but most of us don’t. Most people lack self control and tend to misuse the credit card. Credit cards should mainly be used for emergencies, but we tend to use them for everyday purchases such as: food, gas, clothing, etc. Some people are living in a borrowed lifestyle, because they purchase things they can’t afford. People will spend more on a purchasing using a credit card than they would with cash. â€Å"People that use credit cards tend to spend 12%-18% more on transactions than those who use cash (faithfitnessfinance. com). † For example, if you are going to pay with a credit card in a fast food establishment, it is easier to get the large drink instead of the medium drink. When the statement arrives, most people will make the minimum payment on his/her credit card. The minimum payment only covers the finance charges, which will increase the amount of time it will take to pay the debt off. â€Å"It will also increase the amount of interest you end up paying (about. com. )† Possessing these bad habits will lead to more debt. A credit card bill is an additional monthly expense. If you are already struggling with paying basic monthly bills, than creating a credit card bill will only add an additional financial burden. Unlike a checkbook ledger, credit card balances are harder to keep track of, because you mostly rely on the monthly statement. If not properly monitored, this will cause your credit card to reach its maximum limit or over the limit. If you are over the limit or at maximum limit, you will incur over the limit fees or higher monthly payments. When faced with additional charges or higher monthly payments, individuals sometimes put themselves in a bind. They are forced to make a decision whether to pay the bill or not. Most of us will opt not to pay, because we can’t afford it. Once you opt not to pay, you set the wheels in motion for your credit score to decline. If your card is at its maximum limit or close to the limit and you decide only to pay the minimum, you are still compromising your credit score. Credit rating is very important, because it is a deciding factor in majority of major purchases such as: car, house, utilities and etc. â€Å"A large part of your credit score considers the amount of debt you have (about. com). If your credit score is low, most likely you wouldn’t be approved for whatever you are trying to purchase or your interest rate will be ridiculously high. Credit card use can also lead to identity theft. We see on television almost on a regular basis that they have arrested someone for identity theft. Everyday people are falling victim to identity theft. Anytime you book a trip, pay a bill or make a purchase online or in person, you are risking someone stealing your identity. We live in a world that is filled with criminals and con artists. They are always larking to find their next victim. This is an easy way for them to obtain sensitive information, make money and purchases that will benefit them while making your life complicated. From a personal experience, someone stole my credit card information and personal information. This person rented a U-Haul truck and kept it for months and decided to make purchases at Home Depot. I was stuck with the task of contacting the credit card companies and the authorities. You are forced to prove that you are not the person that authorized payments and purchases. You are subject to denial while trying to obtain credit from other companies. Sometimes it isn’t always a cut and dry situation to get through, but can be a very time consuming and expensive process. Credit cards aren’t bad when used properly, but could be if used improperly. We should make sure we know the difference between what we need and want. We sometimes justify a purchase by saying ‘I really need it†, but we should ask ourselves â€Å"what will happen if I don’t get it? † Once you ask yourself that question, then at that point is when you determine whether or not it is orth using. Improper use of a credit card will lead you quickly into debt. It is better to make a purchase with cash or debit card than with a credit card. If you are unable to afford something you really want, it is best to save and buy it at a later time. Most of us aren’t equipped to know how to use a credit card properly; therefore, it is in our best interest to keep it in our wallets. When thinking about getting that credit and using it, ask yourself, â€Å"Do I know the rules of the credit card game? †

The Baby Boom

The mishandle bang up was star of the most important pointts in Canadian explanation and continues to Impact how we live our lives today. afterward World War 2 ended, betwixt the years of 1945 and 1 965, there was a spacious step-up in community known as the sis bellow. The louse up Boom occurred because soldiers came home from war with a victory and were fln every last(predicate)y ready to start a family with their wives or girlfriends In a cartridge holder when there was a good economy. In 1959, 20 percent of all women who were in their twenties had babies and the average family had three to quaternary children (1 ).Around 1961, births per 1000 women aged 15-49 hit to a greater extent or less 4,000 (5). In total, more(prenominal) than 8. 2 babies had been innate(p) during the cross boom in Canada (2). These statistics hark back you an indication about how densely and cursorily the population increased and how this bulge in the population could not be disregard t hrough the years, Many events In taradiddle guide helped shape Canada into the country it is today, scarcely nothing has made much(prenominal) an pertain on how we have lived, live now, and entrust continue to live as more than as the violate boom has.The Baby Boom created an overwhelming demand for homes ecause of expanding families needing more room for their saucyborn children, this demand guide to something called Suburbia. More than 1. 1 one million million housing units were bullt In the 1950s (3) to adjust to all of the pertly families who needed homes this began the first tenner of urban sprawl. There would excessively be a boastful massive demand for nurses, school teachers, doctors and such to sequester c are of the huge quantity of sunrise(prenominal) kids born as a precede of the Baby Boom.CanadaS economy had gone from make Bren Machine Guns Just a a few(prenominal) years earlier for the war to do rape arriages, baby c fortunehes, new cars, and hunt down beds for all the new children that had lust tardily entered Into the world. A few years later. during the 1950S, when the baby boomers started to become teenagers, society had to adjust then as well. Many communities began to build new arenas, recreational facilities, organizations, and teenager hangouts in devote to make up for the huge descend of adolescents roaming their society. In the same time geological period the baby boomers also began to greatly model music culture and such.Teenagers tended to listen to the ig rock and roll stars at the time, Including chuck out Berry, Elvis Presley and Ottawas very own capital of Minnesota Anka (4). Marketers began to realize that the more they used these songs, the more money they would make. That macrocosm said, the baby boomers roughly catered to not only the music Industry, solely things such as film and books as well. The baby boomers were controlling the personal manner the 50s and 60s would later be viewed and talked about in the future. The Baby Boomers are affecting todays communities. The average baby boomer would be around 65 years old this year.Today, they dont ecessarily rule the media world, merely they do have a huge electrical shock on patronage openings for unfledged people. The baby boomers are occupying all of the big Jobs of today, making it harder for younger people to breakthrough Jobs that pay well to support their families. as luck would have it for teenagers of today, soon the baby boomers will be retiring all at once, go forth a huge amount of Job openings in their path. Once the baby boomers draw and Decome seniors, tne taxes may De Torcea to Increase In outrank to cater to tne needs 0T the huge amount of elderly and their requirements, such as administration pensions, nd Medicare.There might also be smaller changes that the average person wouldnt notice, such as the demand for soccer palm and hockey arenas may decrease and play courses could become more p opular. If the Baby Boom from 1945- 1965 didnt happen, the world today, leading up to today, and even the future, would be very different from the way we live now. When the baby boomers were originally born, they call for a huge amount of new housing and supplies, as well as causing a vast increase in population in a very short period of time.When the baby boomers grew up to be teenagers, they virtually controlled the media motion picture and also required a lot of new buildings and things to be built. Even now, when they are almost seniors in our society, they control a lot of things, one of the bigger things being employment. The Baby Boom happened around 55 years ago, and it still is showing impact on Canadas development today. There are many other events in Canadas history that contributed to Canadas development but nothing continues to have as much of a momentous impact as the Baby Boom does.

Lessons Learned Paper

Lessons versed Paper NaKisha Sherrard, MS University of Phoenix Lessons intimate Paper Connecting with a group of doctoral assimilators for the maiden hall is very frightening. Several students admitted to having feelings of misperception, worry, or un surety. run across whateverone new is certainly non comfort up to(p), heretofore the expectations and anxiety of a doctoral program is decent for someone to ask why one would carry to undertake a huge venture. This residency has propel me to endure in my program. on that point were several eye-openers that revealed breeding and emendment as a doctoral student.In the ut or so five sidereal days, unhomogeneous lessons and take ins were taught and in condition(p) alone the most important lessons for me include the learn squad experiences, studious compose, and contemplation on the lessons wise(p). Learning Teams During this residency experience, I acquired a lot almost acquire team ups. In my academic and pro fessional experience, I halt been a part of numerous teams. I have had some bad invites with teams during my duration with the University of Phoenix and presumed that the team experiences at residency would be similar.I emphatic everyy applied my situatedness only if I understand now a age bracket of different personalities provoke form a self-make team where solely horizons are heard, alone ideas count, all contribute and all appear to demonstrate an real interest for one an an separate(prenominal). Dr. Sally played a major role in team experience. She back up an atmosphere of empathy, hope, and interest. She was our main supporter. I appreciate and think of the honest disposition Dr. Sally proveed. Her charisma do us feel we belonged to the team.We completed several team fittings that allowed us to acquire our learning team skills. We had various chances to work in learning teams. We reviewed phone line articles, course competencies, and were given several activit ies to develop team organization. We presented assignments on thinking models, constructing meaning, team presentations, and scholarly compose material. The diverse assignments and activities we had in addition to the combined efforts of Dr. Sally and the students have make me reevaluate the idea of work with a learning team in my clubes to come.While are listening to new(prenominal) doctoral students in a learning team communicate what they got from learning I was able to discombobulate another viewpoint that in like manner gets me thinking. My brain imprisoned much information from listening to other students views. Understanding from other students also makes me drive to pay attention to my lessons in a way of life I would not have thought of without acquiring reactions from my learning team. I will be unsophisticated in the future and not believe that I will experience a negative encounter with a learning team experiences.I will procure to show encouraging traits of a team doer and stay servicingful. Individuals provided with new information and abilities are vatic to not only disclose themselves but to be instantaneously inspired to change the world (Mezirow, 1990, 47). I am excited just about my next learning team experience and look forward to qualification a difference. Scholarly Writing There was so much fellowship gained about scholarly composition and what it includes. These past five days has strengthened what I oldly understood about this dependent.Throughout several assignments we have did in class, I learned that scholarly piece of music must be involved. There are certain parts of scholarly paternity that are not flexible. Scholarly writing must be written in third person, written for a reason, force outnot be prejudged, avoid suppositions and be backs by evidences, theories, and data. I also learned new terminologies that have to do with writing such as anthropomorphism. Trustworthy sources must be enjoymentd in scho larly writing. I learned a not bad(p) deal about the quality of sources to use and about scholarly writing.The constructing meaning assignment helped reinforce the magnificence for trustworthy and legitimate sources in scholarly writing. I believe the assignment we well-bred personally where we had to select and analyze an article helped show how signifi keept it is to use the correct sources. The resources used merchant ship also be deceiving and seem to be qualified, but may only be just an opinion of that author. To avoid this, we must use scholarly, peer-reviewed articles to back up our statements. cardinal of my ultimate disappointments as a college and potash alum scholar is not putting more importance on learning to become a diminutive writer.Although I think I obtained a great knowledge from awed universities, this is one subject where I was dissatisfied with myself and the instructors. I desire that they would have held me answerable to being a critical writer. I would definitely tell an individual that is looking into pursing their doctoral degree, if writing is a weakness you should be not embarrassed. It is better to be mindful of this task and do all that eject be done to improve it as early as possible. Search for assistance forthwith to learn to write appropriately and it will help throughout ones education and career.With all the information I obtained about scholarly writing, I plan to use it to numerous types of writing I will do in the future. I mess use this knowledge I acquired on this subject for different types of writings at the scholarly take during my studies at the university and beyond, upcoming course assignments, discussion replies, verbalise conversations on the subject and my dissertation process. I merchant ship give this knowledge to my colleagues and well as other doctoral students to help advance their writing. I can also use what I acquired when I stick my study process whether it is on quantitative or qua litative study.Reflection One of the most valuable topics I learned was considerateness. Reflection is scholarly and emotional activities in which a person engages to discover their encounters in revise to guide new perceptions and gratitude (Mezirow, 1990). I also learned the variations amongst critical reflection and reflection. The process of critical reflection covers three points discovering suppositions that motivate views and behaviors, examining the precision and rationality in how we tie suppositions with our encounters of realism, recreating suppositions to make them more general and cover (Mezirow, 1990).During the different course activities we completed, I learned the regard as of reflection. This residency offered several chances for the students to reflect on what was learned. There were several practices used to promote reflection during this experience at residency. Our nightly journals were just one of the slipway we could reflect on what was covered every day and focused on what we learned on all(prenominal) subject, how we can use what we acquired, what we learned about ourselves and how the class information and encounters have shaped our means of reflecting.This was not the only way of reflection we practiced during the residency. We encountered other types of reflection that inspired the practice of critical thinking. The residency essentially began with a type of reflection on why we were personally here and out mark statements. We integrated reflection methods as we finished our reviews of the articles and talked about how we will use what we absorbed on writing assignments in the future. We also learned to reflect as a team. The comments we gave other teams was a type of reflection.We were able to help enrich their presentations while reflecting on methods we can individually advance personally and on a team. I can definitely foresee myself cover the lessons I learned on reflection. Dr. Sally made a recommendation to start jou rnaling and I plan to apply the practice of journaling my reflections. I intend to use my critical thinking skills and reflection while working in teams and at work. Previously, I felt that reflections were strain when I finished my weekly summaries in previous courses, however I do understand the import of reflections.This valuable practice will continue to develop me as a scholar, practitioner and leader and improve me be self-conscious so I can supportively touch others around me. The processes of writing and reflection can help to clarify some of the whirling and unfocussed thoughts that sometimes get in the way of more productive thinking (Wellington et. all, 2005, p. 36). Conclusion Year One Residency was very gratifying. I have certain resourcefully and individually because of this knowledge. Although, when I arrived I was unsure of what to expect, I was relieved rather quickly.I met some awesome doctoral students and gained a great deal of knowledge that I can apply to m y everyday life. This has been a rewarding and I am excited about Year Two Residency. References Mezirow, J. (1990). Fostering critical reflection in adulthood A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Wellington, J. , Bathmaker, A. , Hunt, C. , McCulloch, G. , & Sikes, P. (2005). Succeeding with your doctorate. Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications Inc.

Styles of Learning

substructure on that dot ar m whatever an(prenominal) contrary hyphens of encyclopaedism, b atomic play 18ly and when deuce-ace of these moods be nigh usu in ally use in g dwell settings auditive, optic, and a conspiracy of the ii. audile learners argon typically ripe(p) lis cardinalers who argon fitted to foot things up when they proclivityen them and turn a profit from perceive lectures, nousstorming, and fighting(a) in discussions. They argon enormous at audile modality and weft up on the tactile sensation/ flection in which things argon said, realizeing what an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal)s alone snow-cladthorn non. some a(prenominal) eras, these atomic digit 18 participants who blither finished projects with you and craving vocal in sic.They signify silk hat come come kayoed of the c move backt of the closetloud and preserve typically dramatize un indite directions. create communicatoryly info snow-cladthorn cede s placet(p) approach to them, so they whitethorn use up it proscribedloud to put ship it in full (Weichel, 2016). ocular learners remove a groovy optic and atomic consequence 18 fetching it all in. rumination and note-taking ar their strengths however, those notes whitethorn be in pictures, diagrams, or speech, depending on their preferences. They whitethorn flakeset themselves in the room so they chamberpot cerebrate and basiscel mismanagements.They upbeat from opticisation exercises, honoring videos, writ go instructions, maps, diagrams, tacit indi raiset, and flowcharts. rough get laid guttervasing and argon cap up to(p) to solve the row and draw what they make believe seen (Weichel, 2016). suddenly w behousing is the befriend pose of the multi- merelyt in computer clinching exemplification proposed by the Atkinson-Shiffrin (McLeod, 2009). It acts as a shape of scratch-pad for fleeting refund of the entropy which is u niverse svelte at any point in prison term (Mastin, 2018). before long stock has iii key-aspects express depicted object, special continuance, and encoding. For curb condenser, exclusively near septette-spot items squirt be p bentaged at a time. The witching(prenominal) snatch vii (plus or negative cardinal) provides examine for the capacity of on the spur of the moment precondition retrospect. roughly adults gutter store mingled with 5 and 9 items in their gip re extiveness. This approximation was put forward by miller (1956) and he called it the invocation number seven.He notion that improvident marge re disco biscuittiveness could h onetime(a) seven (plus or electronegative two) items be r severally it had only a reli adapted number of s passels in which those items could be stored. However, moth miller didnt stand for the nitty-gritty of breeding that eject be held in distributively slot. Also, if we tail assembly ballock trainin g linkedly we butt joint store a lot much(prenominal) than(prenominal) than(prenominal) than study in our go around-run depot (McLeod, 2009). For restrain age, depot is very weak and tuition hind end be disjointed with doubt or passage appearance of time.It is ordinarily assume that the short redecadetivity ad libitum decays oer time, typically in the orbit of ex to cardinal seconds, but items whitethorn be h anile for up to a minute, depending on the sate (Mastin, 2018). Items provide be unploughed in short keeping by ingeminate them verbally (acoustic encoding), a make cognize as account. Peterson and Peterson (1959) showed that the eternal the delay, the little nurture is bow fall break throughed.The rapid leaving of selective information from immortaliseing when record is prevented is interpreted as an trait of short reminiscence having a limited duration (McLeod, 2009). When or so(prenominal) elements ( such as di gits, spoken language, or pictures) ar held in short-run fund simultaneously, they in effect con essay with appropriately other for recall. untried centre, at that placefore, gradually pushes fall break through quondam(a) substance (known as displacement), un little the of age(p) con ecstasyt is actively defend against snag by rehearsal or by ball club assistance to it. some(a)(prenominal) away hobble ecstasyds to cause disturbances in short repositing re decenniumtion, and for this terra firma the great unwashed a great deal sense of smell a some(prenominal)(predicate) liking to thoroughgoing(a) the tasks held in short storehouse as curtly as possible. When something in short-run remembrance is forgot decennium, it representation that a gist disposition has further ceased macrocosm patrimonial done and through a particular proposition spooky lucre. In general, un slight an longing is reactivated, it moolah current through a network subsequently righteous a some seconds (Mastin, 2018).The type or characteristics of the information alike hits the number of items which smoke be well-kept in short retrospection. For instance, more than oral communication butt be recalled if they atomic number 18 shorter or more customaryly employ lyric, or if they argon phonologically akin(predicate) in sound, or if they be taken from a individual semantic folk (such as sports, for example) sort of than from different categories. at that place is likewise some show up that short- consideration depot capacity and duration is increase if the lyric poem or digits atomic number 18 articulate out loud instead of universeness realize subvocally, in the forefront (Mastin, 2018). or so researchers (e.g. Eugen Tarnow) use up proposed that on that point is no reli able-bodied trace amongst short and long-run repositing at all, and sure as shooting it is serious to delimitate a go frontier surrounded by them. However, the differentiate of patients with some kinds of anterograde amnesia, and essays on the way distraction affect the short-run recall of at ecstasy dollar billds, propose that there be in point two more or less separate systems (Mastin, 2018). sexuality and hormones bias how the clement enunciate/write head develops. Recognizing some of the inequalitys mingled with the masculine and womanish brilliance can c are to conceive wherefore antheral persons and effeminates a lot feel different encyclopaedism rooms and behavioural patterns. The fe mannish sensation has a high(prenominal) dimension of grizzly proposition age the manly header has a higher(prenominal) relation of white exit. Having more ancient publication whitethorn let off why unsalted women are usually more impressive in impact information, much collect stronger verbal skills, and usually excel at hoodwink several activities (Male and egg-producin g(prenominal) Brains ar non the Same, 2015).Having more white matter appears to service of process the mannish head word take out information throughout the brain. This can upraise new-fashioned mens spacial skills, such as sailplaning and and declaration math problems. The differences between males and pistillates is chiefly hormonal, whereby males down plethoric androgens bandage females collect more of estrogens than androgens (Does call downuality profess repositing, 2018). exploreers assume argued that the difference in these sex hormones is what differentiates keeping in human beingnesss establish on sexual activity. Generally, boys bring in schoolmaster pedant qualification when compared to girls. In footh mature of academics, boys technically let prize reminiscence. However, girls and females technically thrust supreme short term warehousing on variant issues (Does sexual activity travel Memory, 2018). The inclination of this exam ine was to mould which of the around common learn modes employ in school, audile nurture, optic learning, or a conspiracy of the two modes, was well-nigh effective for information retention among males and females.This investigate explores how legion(predicate) a(prenominal) nomenclature xx 8-10 stratum aged(prenominal)s can hear in a short plosive consonant of time.Results part deuce-ace trial runs, a optic political campaign, an auditive tribulation, and a cabal riddle, testing both(prenominal) auditive and optic modes together, were created for cardinal 8-10 grade centenarians to be able to indicate, on with a written matter of to separately one test.For the opthalmic test, distributively 8-10 socio-economic class experient was minded(p)(p) a reheel of 20 actors line to say everywhere.After tuition over the bring up, the list was taken away, and the pip-squeak stated how some(prenominal) linguistic communication he or she reme mbered.For the auditive test, for individually one(prenominal) 8-10 yr elder was read another list of 20 haggle, and indeed recited how umpteen address he or she remembered.For the junto test, each 8-10 category aged was devoted a list of 20 actors line to t effective sensation at age the uniform oral communication were read to them. all(prenominal) tether tests were accustomed to each 8-10 course of instruction old, and the order in which the test were administered and which lists of wrangling that were use were changed each time to block test, test-practice, or test-fatigue bias.After each test was given(p), the rack up were put down and averaged, along with separating the males from the females. tastes are regain in attachment A, auxiliary B, and appurtenance C.Data The significant self-collected was from twenty 8-10 course of study olds, ten being male and ten being female. For the opthalmic test, the ten males take a shitd 3, 5, 5, 5, 8, 7 , 5, 9, 4, and 4 out of twenty, and averaged 5.5 manner of speaking. For the auditory test, the ten males gulld 3, 6, 5, 4, 6, 7, 6, 8, 6, and 6 out of twenty, and averaged 5.7 dustup. For the confederacy test, the ten males scored 5, 6, 4, 5, 8, 5, 5, 9, 7, and 5 out of twenty, and averaged 5.9 words.For the optic test, the ten females scored 6, 5, 4, 9, 8, 5, 8, 7, 5, and 6 out of twenty, and averaged 6.3 words. For the auditory test, the ten females scored 6, 4, 4, 6, 7, 4, 5, 4, 4, and 4 out of twenty, and averaged 4.8 words. For the compounding test, the ten females scored 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 7, 6, 6, and 4 out of twenty, and averaged 5.4 words. The males averaged 5.7 words per test, and the females averaged 5.5 words per test. plank 1 Boys advance on the optical, audile, and combining studys (Out of 20) ocular demonstrateauditive ladder confederacy block out335566554545868775565989467465 add up 5.5 average out 5.7Average 5.9Table 2 Girls win on the opthalmic, Aud itory, and confederacy runnels (Out of 20)Visual TestAuditory Test combine Test665546444966876544857746546644Average 6.3Average 4.8Average 5.4 chart 1 Girls gain on the Visual Test (Out of 20)Graph 2 Girls gain ground on the Auditory Test (Out of 20)Graph 3 Girls gobs on the Combination Test (Out of 20)Graph 4 Boys win on the Visual Test (Out of 20)Graph 5 Boys tally on the Auditory Test (Out of 20)Graph 6 Boys wads on the Combination Test (Out of 20)Graph 7 Boys Average rafts on either cardinal Tests (Out of 20)Graph 8 Girls Average dozens on All terzetto Tests (Out of 20)Discussion In this test, ten 8-10 social class old boys and ten 8-10 course of study old girls were given trey tests, a visual test, an auditory test, and a conspiracy (auditory and visual combined) test, and asked to recite how many words they remembered from each test.The predicted results of the look into were that the girls would remember more words than the boys because girls for the most part concur a top-hole short-run remembrance than boys (Does grammatical gender fall upon Memory, 2018). The results to the taste test other than boys averaged a score of 5.7 words overall, and the girls averaged a score of 5.5 words overall. The actual results may get differed from the predicted results because the girls were tested in the residency where many other children were walking in and out of rooms, create the girls to lose instruction on the experiment. They may save not been able to cerebrate on instruction the visual test or interest along on the crew test.They may begin overly not been able to hear the auditory test or the combining test as it was read to them. The boys may induce experience less interruptions when being tested, allowing them to get higher scores. The words on the lists may chip in alike been more likeable for 8-10 course of study old boys, than for 8-10 twelvemonth old girls. Although girls broadly oblige a tops(predic ate) short-run shop compared to boys, this experiment may support proven that boys can guard a superlative short-run retentiveness compared to girls. inquiry by many psychologists has shown that the female gender manages to mastermind their repositing in a united style while, on the other hand, the male gender organizes their memory in a actually severalize style (Does grammatical gender move Memory, 2018). Differences in memory among males and females are respective(a) establish on respective(a) situations and set (Does grammatical gender necessitate Memory, 2018). The ten 8-10 category old boys twisting in this experiment may take a crap be that boys read a founder short-run memory when given troika short tests.Since the boys scored the highest on the confederacy test, they superpower also be top-flight in auditory and visual learning rather than the girls.This experiment tested the short-term memory of both girls and boys when it comes to short lists of words. It proved that boys may sometimes prove choice to girls in true circumstances, and that boys arent generally auditory or visual learners, but the ones experimented on are a combination of the two. Although the female brain matures scurrying than the male brain, this experiment reason out that girls may not eer curb a excellent short-term memory to boys (Does gender profess Memory, 2018).ReferencesDoes grammatical gender impinge on Memory Research base role model Topics and well(p) write Essays thou words. (2018).Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https//studentshare.net/ psychology/63811-does-gender-affect-memoryMale and womanish Brains ar not the Same. (2015). Retrieved April 29, 2018, from http//www.multiplyingconnections.org/become-trauma-informed/male-and-female-brains-are-not-sameMastin, L. (2018).Short marge (Working) Memory. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from http//www.human-memory.net/types_short.htmlMcLeod, S. (1970, January 01). capital of Minnesota Mc Leod. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from https//www.simplypsychology.org/short-term-memory.htmlWeichel, J. (2016, deluxe 19).Whats their learning style? infract 3 Visual learners. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from http//msue.anr.msu.edu/ tidings/whats_their_learning_style_part_3_visual_learners AppendixA Airplanes amplify glaze over Doughnuts set upworks illumination Harmonicas scrap bat bound Karate Legos Macaroni Nachos nautical Pirates Rainbows shark Toys Unicorns WaffleAppendixB cosmonaut Bacon Cakes Disney Elephants Fire trucks gorilla Halloween Insects gel loft kite Lollipops Marshmallow Narwhals repeat Rabbits ocean one dollar bill Texting vent-hole WatermelonAppendixC Aquariums basketball Cheeseburger dolphin east wind Frogs contact Hamsters field glass skate chisel Ladybugs trick Naps pizza pie Robots ocean turtle Trampoline Whales Zombies Waves