Completing the GDP Rates Table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Completing the GDP Rates Table - Essay Example Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Completing the GDP Rates Tables TABLE 1: USA (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Year GDP in US$ GDP % growth Pop. ... 35 2000 1075.57 1.25 30,689 1.24 271.9 1.339 178,940.9 230,838.3 -23,023 1.67 2.343 2001 1107.46 0.45 31,021 0.27 252.5 1.373 163,424.1 216,267.9 -13,717 1.68 2.417 2002 1154.95 0.94 31,373 -0.98 225.8 1.404 160,922.7 209,087.7 -48,167 1.69 2.578 2003 1214.60 0.2 31,676 0.80 275.8 1.443 169,923.7 221,594.7 -51,671 1.70 2.626 2004 1290.19 0.92 32,048 0.93 185.6 1.470 189,879.9 256,359.8 -45,678 1.7 1 2.785 2005 1368.73 1.35 32,359 0.40 221.3 1.502 211,898.7 290,384.3 -67,897 1.72 2.89 2006 1450.40 1.24 32,723 1.13 200.3 1.531 524,075 487,674 -56,432 1.76 2.345 2007 1529.58 0.98 33,115 0.69 213.8 1.565 534,718 505,055 -78,456 1.73 2.964 2008 1603.41 1.35 33,506 0.75 237.1 1.602 563,075 538,654 24,421 1.81 3.104 a) Column 5 = column 2 divided by column 4 [i.e. (2)/(4)] b) Column 10 = column 8 minus column 9 [i.e. (8)-(9)] c) Column 11 = column 8 divided by column 2 and multiplied by 100 [i.e. (8)/(2)*100] d) Column 12 = column 9 divided by column 2 and multiplied by 100 [i.e. (9)/(2)*10 0] How to do this assignment, 1. You should complete tables 1 and 2 on the page 1 which I will upload it. 2. Compare the GDP rates of growth and the Trade Balance of CANADA and the US and try to draw any conclusions based on economic theory The GDP rate of growth for U.S has been increasing constantly since 1994 until 2001. The growth rate for Canada has no particular sequence as it has been constantly increasing and decreasing as a result of the economic conditions. The trade balance for U.S is less than that of Canada over the years. Levi (2009) describes that Canada is the tenth largest economy as measures in US dollars. This is as a result of the importance of its primary sector with more revenue from the logging and oil industries. The manufacturing industry as well as the automobile

Sampling assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sampling assignment - Essay Example nd-picked to constitute a team of 20 students without condition or any other consideration (be it a student of any level, of any particular gender or age). The result of the average of the sample in comparison with the population is showing a relative large deviation since the first sample is just a mere representation of the whole population constituting 20% of the whole population in general. Another aspect of the big deviation is the existence of extreme values within the first sample for instance while student ID no. 1 has zero days for being absent, the student ID no. 7 has 13 days of absenteeism. The second sample of this sampling technique is categorically picked on the basis of gender. The technique seeks to investigate the difference created as a result of the school attendance among the boy-child vis a vis the girl-child. This second sample particularly check the absenteeism rate across the whole school for the girl-child gender. The list of the 20 students randomly picked from the whole population of the 100 students are as stated in correspondence with their ID numbers and the number of days a student has been absent from school over the period. The positive deviation felt in the second sample as compared to the population average is as a result of reduction in sample space from 100 to 20 students for the sampling purposes. The average rate of absenteeism among the girls is slightly higher than the average population average, showing absenteeism is higher among girl-child in school. The third sample of this sampling technique entails the 20 boys among the 100 students population. This sample randomly picks at student from any grade, any age as long as he is a boy-child for this sampling purpose. Their ID numbers are recorded alongside their respective number of days one has been absent from school as follows: The average rate of absenteeism among the boys in the school is slightly above the average rate of absenteeism in the general population of

Predicting Thermal-Hydraulic Behaviour of Nuclear Reactors

Predicting Thermal-Hydraulic Behaviour of Nuclear Reactors In the last decades, several codes have been developed to predict the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of nuclear reactors like ATHLET, CATHARE, RELAP, RETRAN. However, these codes were developed to power reactors perform. To extend the application for the analyses of research reactor some modifications or addition of some procedures have been done. This section presents some considerations for using of RELAP/SCDAP and MELCOR for accident analysis of KHRR reactor. 1.1. RELAP/SCDAP 1.1.1. Thermal Hydraulic RELAP5 computer program can be applied to a wide range of reactor designs and transient/accident conditions. Except for certain reactivity-initiated events, the code is applicable to LOCAs; loss of flow accidents (LOFAs); loss of heat removal events and anticipated transients without scram (ATWS). Modelling of a subcooled boiling flow is important because an accurate knowledge of the void fraction distribution in reactor cores is required to properly perform various safety analyses. Most available boiling models were developed for and tested at the high-pressure conditions of a power reactor. Many reactor safety analysis codes such as RELAP5, which use such models, cannot satisfactorily predict void fraction distributions in low pressure subcooled boiling flows. This has limited the use of the RELAP5 code for low-pressure research reactor applications. It seems that the case of fast reactivity transient will be affected due to the importance of the models for the precise description of the complex phenomenon of subcooled boiling and two phase flow taking place during the transient. With respect to the reliability of the RELAP5 code for the analysis of research reactor transients additional investigations related to the above topics are needed. 1.1.2. Core Melt Progression Although developed for light water reactors (LWR), the code is a flexible tool for computerized simulation as its approach allows to models as much as needed of a particular thermal-hydraulic system, with use both for anticipated transients of nuclear power plants or of research reactors, and also for small scale test facilities. It is generally known that design peculiarities of HWR type reactors, especially the moderator separated from the coolant do not allow a straightforward application of the advanced core degradation models existing in computer codes such as SCDAP/RELAP5, MELCOR, ICARE/CATHARE or ATHLET. But the analysis of design basis accidents and the modelling of experiments in specially designed facilities can be successfully performed. Moreover, the early phase of the accident, including heatup due to voiding and oxidation, as well as, to a certain extent, other particular phenomena associated with the loss of geometrical integrity in course of a LOCA type accident coincident with ECCS, can be successfully modeled. Several code extensions (for Atucha specific features) were added in RELAP/SCDAPsim3.6. These modifications included: modeling of coolant channel to coolant channel radiation heat transfer, oxidation of the outer wall of the coolant channels, molten pool behavior and relocation of a core with separated coolant channels, and heat transfer in a lower head that includes a filling body (massive steel structure occupy most of the hemispherical volume and causing relocated debris to have a wide and thin-in-height shape). As an extra argument in favor of the utilization of the code for KHRR, the existence of the heavy water library in the release packages of RELAP/SCDAPSIM versions can be mentioned. 1.2. MELCOR 1.2.1. Material Properties Thermophysical properties for some solid materials should be added to the Material Properties (MP) package database. They are melting point, latent heat of fusion, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and enthalpy for Zr-1.5%Nb, type 304 stainless steel. Values for these material properties can be obtained from an open literature or, because of lack of data for the alloys at high temperatures, can be estimated by Nause and Leonard. In addition to properties of solid materials, the MP package in MELCOR contains tabulated values for thermal conductivity and Viscosity of light water (H2O) and steam. Because of the presence of heavy water (D2O) in the KHRR reactor, an assessment was made concerning the differences between these properties and those appropriate for D2O. Nause and Leonard concluded that the differences between heavy and light water thermal conductivity, heavy and light steam viscosity, and heavy and light steam thermal conductivity are negligible for the purpose and intended applications of MELCOR. For these properties, MELCOR will use the light water data in the MELCOR database to model heavy and light water in the KHRR reactor system . The only thermophysical property of D2O observed to differ from that of H2O by more than ten percent is viscosity. Viscosity of D2O is observed to differ from that of H2O by as such as 30 percent over fluid, the temperature range of interest for the KHRR reactor. It is not known if differences in this single property are large enough to result in considerably different predictions of KHRR reactor coolant system hydrodynamic behavior. Sensitivity analyses will be performed in the future to examine this remaining uncertainty The MP package in MELCOR includes tabulated values for the viscosity of hydrogen gas and the Noncondensible Gas (NCG) Equation of State package contains values for hydrogen heat capacity. Again, because of the possible coexistence of hydrogen and deuterium gas in the KHRR reactor systems, a comparison of the viscosity and heat capacity between the two gases was made. The difference between hydrogen and deuterium gas viscosity and heat capacity is concluded to be sufficiently large to warrant adding D2 to the noncondensible gas flow field in MELCOR (D2 gas viscosity is approximately 40 percent greater than H2, and H2 heat capacity is approximately 50 percent greater than D2.). As a result, both properties have been included in their appropriate MELCOR database locations The H2O package in MELCOR represents the equation of state for light water. Because heavy water is the primary coolant and moderator in the KHRR reactor system, a comparison of the thermodynamic properties of light and heavy water and steam was made. It was found that the saturation pressure versus temperature data for light and heavy water differ by less than six percent. The difference in enthalpy between light and heavy water for the saturated and subcooled liquid states is below five percent at all temperatures and pressures of concern. The differences between light and heavy steam enthalpy are below eight percent over all temperatures and pressures of concern. These differences in properties between light and heavy water and steam are tolerable for the purpose and intended applications of MELCOR. Any change in properties related to the equation of state for light water in MELCOR would require that the changes be made in a manner that preserves the Maxwell relations. Therefore, s imple adjustments to the current H2O properties are not practical. Either the properties contained in the H2O package must be replaced, or the current properties must be used. It has been concluded that using light water transport properties to represent the coolant, moderator Emergency Cooling System (ECS), and confinement spray fluids in the KHRR reactor system is a reasonable and pragmatic approximation to those for the true mixed H2O/D2O system . 1.2.2. Core Melt Progression Unique features of KHRR do not allow a straightforward application of MELCOR for analysis of core melt progression in KHRR reactor, same as RELAP/SCDAP. Coolant channels in KHRR reactor are located inside the moderator tank in a hexagonal pitch, so it is expected that the behavior of the core during meltdown will be somewhat different from that of regular LWRs. As the coolant channels are not in close contact with each other, molten material from different channels most likely will not agglomerate to form a crust strong enough to support an in-core molten pool. So the most expected behavior is that molten material is directly relocate to the bottom of the core.

Essay --

In order to achieve the highest possible level of productivity, it is extremely important to have a good atmosphere at workplace. But what ´s of much more importance, if people feel well at work the possibility of depression or even suicide can decline. So the HR department, which is responsible for the overall well-being of the employees, should always try to create a sense of belonging together and understanding. There are many points to consider, talking of suicide prevention. The company and especially the HR department need to take over responsibility and play an active role in the process. 1. Create a good working environment Generally the company should work really hard to offer an agreeable and convenient work environment for everybody. Therefore you try to do a lot of team building activities and watch to have serious integration policies. Nobody should feel misunderstood and miserable at his workplace. Anyway making your employees happy will help you as well to meet your goals and enhance overall productivity. 2. Reduce potential stress factors Another factor is stress, it ´s not a real mental problem but it is the cause of many and also leads to some long and short term damages. In order to reduce stress, factors like too much work and lack of team work should be avoided. Moreover, Layoffs cause a lot of stress also on the ones remaining, as they are insecure about their own jobs and future. Employees should think of themselves and their work as being worthy for the company, good work should get promoted. â€Æ' 3. Treating mental health issues not as a stigma The suicide problem needs to be treated open and honest, so it ´s the HR ´s part to assure everybody that mental illness is as real as any physical one. Employees shoul... ...issues and teambuilding. Moreover France has a really high individualism score and is very short- term oriented, while Colombia in general tends to have a very collective approach. If you take a closer look at the typical management styles, the French ones also seem to favour depression and even suicide. So there ´s a very goal oriented style compared to the Colombian way of caring also about the way, things are done. In addition you don ´t experience such a strict, pressuring working discipline. All in all it ´s obvious that companies in Colombia focus a lot on their employees while in France business always seems to be more important than the wellbeing of the people. In the part focusing on the HR department we gave some strategies preventing and treating suicide cases, following this approach, French companies could perhaps avoid some suicide cases in the future.

Physical Attractiveness and Criminal Behavior

Physical unattractiveness, deformity, and disfigurement have been associated with evil since antiquity. In the Iliad, Homer described the wicked Thersites as possessing thin hair over a â€Å"misshapen head,† with one blinking eye and a lame leg. Physiognomy (the â€Å"science† of reading personality characteristics into facial features) traces its practice to Homer's Greece. When Socrates was convicted for heresy and the corruption of youth in the fifth century B. C. , a physiognomist charged that his face betrayed a brutal disposition. Greek culture embraced the notion that mind and body were interconnected; if a sound mind went together with a sound body, the implication was that a twisted mind resided in a deformed body. Aristotle confirmed this view in his Metaphysics when he reasoned that the essence of the body is contained in the soul. These opinions were ensconced into law in medieval Europe. Among those accused of demonic possession, ecclesiastical edicts interpreted large warts and moles on the skin as physical signs of the entry point of the devil into the soul (Einstadter and Henry 1995). Secular law directed jurists to convict the uglier of two people who were under equal suspicion for a crime (Wilson and Herrnstein 1985). In an echo of these sentiments some years later, Shakespeare's Cassius, in Julius Caesar (Act I, Scene II), is judged a dangerous man by his â€Å"lean and hungry look. † The link between unattractiveness and criminal behavior remained alive and well in 20th-century American popular culture. In his famous comic strip and in the movies it inspired, cartoonist Chester Gould sharply contrasted the square-jawed, clean-cut good looks of detective Dick Tracy with cutthroat criminals like the flat-headed â€Å"Flattop,† the pointy-snouted â€Å"Mole,† the wrinkle-cheeked â€Å"Pruneface,† and the big-bottomed â€Å"Pear Shape. † Hollywood imitated science in Johnny Handsome (1989), a feature film about a robber with grotesque facial deformities who reforms after receiving extensive cosmetic surgery. Some of the earliest criminological researchers shared this thinking. Physiognomy persisted throughout the 18th century, most notably in the work of Swiss scholar Johan Casper Lavater, whose influential Physiognomical Fragments appeared in 1775. One hundred years later, Italian prison physician Cesare Lombroso published Criminal Man (1876), a famous study that attributed criminal behavior to what he termed â€Å"atavism,† an inherited condition that made offenders evolutionary throwbacks to more primitive humans. By conducting autopsies on 66 deceased criminals, and comparing 832 living prison inmates with 390 soldiers, Lombroso created a list of physical features that he believed were associated with criminal behavior. These â€Å"stigmata† included sloping foreheads, asymmetrical faces, large jaws, receding chins, abundant wrinkles, extra fingers, toes, and nipples, long arms, short legs, and excessive body hair-hardly the image of handsome men. The notion that criminal behavior was related to physical anomalies was dealt a severe blow by the publication of Charles B. Goring's The English Convict in 1913. This study subjected 37 of Lombroso's stigmata to empirical testing by comparing 2,348 London convicts to a control group that represented a cross section of young Englishmen. Goring found little support for Lombroso's arguments, concluding that criminal behavior is caused by inherited feeblemindedness, not physical appearance. Undaunted by these results, Harvard anthropologist Earnest A. Hooton conducted an ambitious 12-year study that compared 13,873 male prisoners in 10 states with a haphazard sample of 3,023 men drawn from the general population, searching once more for physical differences. Hooton published his findings in The American Criminal and Crime and the Man, both books appearing in 1939. The books attributed criminal behavior to biological inferiority and â€Å"degeneration,† ascribing a variety of unattractive physical characteristics to criminals (including sloping foreheads, compressed facial features, drooping eyelids, small, protruding ears, projecting cheekbones, narrow jaws, pointy chins, and rounded shoulders). By the 1930s, however, biological research was rapidly losing favor, as criminologists increasingly argued that social factors alone cause criminal behavior. Hooton's research was ridiculed in particular, one sociologist dismissing his findings as comically inept in historic proportions (or â€Å"the funniest academic performance†¦ since the invention of movable type† [Reuter 1939]). Hooton was condemned for his circular reasoning: offenders were assumed to be biologically inferior, so whatever features differentiated criminals from noncriminals were interpreted as indications of biological inferiority. Despite the skepticism of many sociologists regarding these attempts to link physical unattractiveness to criminal conduct, self-derogation and general strain theories can explain this relationship. Self-derogation theory asserts that youth who are ridiculed by peers lose self-esteem and the motivation to conform (Kaplan 1980). General strain theory claims that repeated â€Å"noxious,† unwanted interactions produce disappointment, depression, frustration, and anger (Agnew 1992). Both theories see delinquency and crime as means of retaliation that boosts one's self-worth or vents one's anger. Certainly, unattractive youths are prime candidates for noxious ridicule that results in low self-esteem and emotional strain. Only a handful of modern studies have tested the relationships among attractiveness, criminal behavior, and perceptions about crime. Saladin, Saper, and Breen (1988), for example, asked 28 students in one undergraduate psychology class to judge the physical attractiveness of a group of photographs of young men. Forty students in another psychology class were asked to examine the same photographs and then assess the probability that those pictured would commit either robbery or murder. The researchers found that men rated as less attractive also were perceived to be prone to commit future violent crimes, suggesting that unattractive people are more likely to be branded as criminals. Another study randomly scrambled 159 photographs of young men incarcerated in juvenile reformatories with 134 photographs of male high school seniors (Cavior and Howard 1973). College sophomores in psychology courses were asked to rate the facial attractiveness of these youth. Significantly more high school seniors were judged attractive than males from the reformatories. In the fascinating policy-oriented research that became the basis for the movie Johnny Handsome, surgeons performed plastic surgery to correct deformities and disfigurements (e. g. , protruding ears, broken noses, unsightly tattoos, and needle track marks from intravenous drug use) on the faces, hands, and arms of 100 physically unattractive men at the time of their release from Rikers Island jail in New York City (Kurtzberg et al. 1978). These ex-convicts were matched against a control group of equally unattractive inmates released from the jail who received no reconstructive surgery. When the researchers compared recidivism rates one-year later, those who received the surgery had significantly fewer rearrests. Apparently, improved appearance resulted in improved behavior. These research findings are preliminary and suggestive; more definitive studies using better measurements are needed. In particular, future research should relate ratings of physical attractiveness to the self-reported riminal behavior of persons taken from the general population. Such studies would rule out the possibility that unattractive offenders are more likely to appear in jails and reformatories simply due to the prejudices of the police and prosecutors. Nevertheless, existing research hints that the folk wisdom dating back to the ancient Greeks may have some basis in reality. Physical appearance is related to self-worth and behavior; as th e adage goes, â€Å"pretty is as pretty does. † When it comes to criminal behavior, the opposite may be true as well.

Mr and Mrs Martins Short Text Theme

An idea that was worth learning about in The Silk by Joy Cowley was eternal love. The writer showed us this idea through Mr and Mrs Blackie's traits and the symbolism of the silk and bridge. While an idea worth learning about in Mr and Mrs Martins by Edla van Steen is how the couple face death. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martins character and the symbolism of the incomplete gravestone. Eternal love is an idea worth learning about as it shows us their love for each other. The writer shows us this by Mr and Mrs Blackie's relationship. As â€Å"days and nights† pass, Mr Blackie is falling more ill as he settles â€Å"into bed as gently as dust†, showing his physical weakness. Mrs Blackie is aware of this so her caring trait helps try to make him as comfortable as possible with pillows or how she filled the hot water bottle to keep him warm. Then she decides to create his laying out pyjamas as a last gift and memory with him. She shows her love for him by how he is going to do â€Å"every stitch†¦ by hand†. Mr Blackie also shows his love as he wants to spend their last moments together so he asks her to â€Å"do it in here† (making the pyjamas in their bedroom). From this we feel hopeful that in the near future we will find a special someone that cares for you and vice versa. As I have known some peers that only has one person giving in to the relationship. The idea of eternal love is also shown by the symbolism of the blue silk from China and its bridge image on it. The couple have been together for fifty-odd years and are still very much in love as they both want to spend their last moments together. The silk is used as a symbol to represent their marriage, love and bond they have in the present time. But Mrs Blackie is unsure of what their love will become after Mr Blackie passes. After she decides to create the silk pyjamas, they have to cut it and â€Å"together they feel the pain as the blades met cleanly† as they realised that the silk and their relationship will â€Å"never again be the same†. After Mr Blackie dies Mrs Blackie griefs over the fact that â€Å"he didn't say goodbye† . Then she sees the man on the bridge â€Å"waving. Or perhaps beckoning to her† and realises that he did say goodbye and that the link or bond is still there. She comes to realise that their love can transcend death and become eternal love. This makes the reader feel envious of their life long relationship as many relationships in the present day aren't lasting very long. Also how they have a mutual understanding where no words are needed because they such a tight and special bond between them. Facing death is an idea worth learning about as different people deal with death differently. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martin's decision to keep on living separately due to Mr and Mrs Martins traits. Mr Martin has the dominant trait while Mrs Martin is submissive, which allows Mr Martin to make the decision while Mrs Martins just allows him even she does not want to. He made this decision due to the love he has for his wife and he believes that most men die first, so he wants her to â€Å"prepare for living alone† without him. We see that Mrs Martins is being the peacemaker as she doesn't want to live separately but respects his wishes and chooses not to argue as she will â€Å"wait for another opportunity† to tell him. From this we feel very frustrated that Mr Martin is ignoring what his own wife wants as most people should spend their last moments together happily, not alone and all depressed. Yet we also get the reason for Mr Martins decision as it can be painful when all of a suddenly your loved one dies and your all alone. This helps Mrs Martins through as she learns to depend on herself as some widows nowadays struggle to live alone. Another reason why facing death is an idea worth learning about as not only do they live separately they have also made a gravestone for themselves already. The writer uses this gravestone as a symbolism to represent how the incomplete dates show anticipation towards death and also their union of marriage in life and death. It represents the decision and unspoken pact that the couple have made. The symbolism is shown consistenly through the story with words like â€Å"slab†, â€Å"tomb† and â€Å"her sepluchre†. It also shows how they believe that this is the end for them, there is nothing after death. From this we feel confused at how they can make a gravestone for themselves even though they are both very healthy and alive. But we feel sad at the fact that they have no children, so no one will be visiting them. It makes the reader think of what we as children need to do for our parents in the far away future. Eternal love and facing death are both ideas worth learning about as we get to learn about lifelong love with that special person or the hardships when dealing with death. The writers shows us these ideas are worth learning about through the main character's traits and symbolism of silk, bridge and gravestone.

A Qualitative Research Survey on Why People Leave Online Studies

A Qualitative Research Survey on Why People Leave Online Studies Methodology The rationale for this research design is to provide insight into the method used for refining a theoretical explanation that makes the theory more general and applicable across a wide spectrum based on Creswell’s (2002) definition.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on A Qualitative Research Survey on Why People Leave Online Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Creswell’s (2002) multipronged theoretical proposition provides a framework for inquiring into theoretical questions, issues, or problems associated with the decline in the number of students studying online. That is given further support based on the conflict theory which explains why students may choose to leave these graduate on-line programs (Bean, 1990). Yin (2003) borrows from Creswell’s (2002) theory and with further investigations finds a positive correlation of Creswell’s (2002) theory through a survey conducted by Neale et al, (2006) by relating several patterns to Creswell’s (2002) theoretical proposition using a pattern matching technique. Neale et al, (2006) takes the study a notch higher by stating that a survey is appropriate â€Å"when there is a unique story to be told, offering a more complete picture of what happened in the program and why† (Neale, et al, 2006, 4). Purpose The purpose of this research is an inquiry into the conflicts students encounter when undertaking online undergraduate programs to determine their lack of desire to continue and complete their goal, and gain an understanding of why they subsequently leave these types of programs, regardless of the study duration. This qualitative research will draw on Allen (2003) and Willging’s (2008) views to understand the requirements that work for online students as the subsequent product. According to Berg (2007), a qualitative research is an instrument that locates an individual in an environment by making factors that influence the outcome from online students leave their programs known to the observer, a fact concurred upon by (Yin, 2009).Advertising Looking for thesis on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yin (2009) adds another dimension to qualitative research to be interpretive in crystallizing a meaning. On the other hand, quantitative research assigns numerical values to observations on a given scale. An appropriate method for conducting this study, according to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2010), will use closed ended questions rating systems and â€Å"best fit† answers in the survey of questionnaires administered to on-line learners (McLaughlin, 1998). An in depth analysis of the data collected will be organized and established patterns will be validated to further explain reasons deterring a particular population from pursuing their degree programs in an on line setting, a concept borrowed from Bailey’s (2002) studies. This research will explore the phenomena that a group of students who entered a specific graduate program have over a course of time (the classroom experience) dwindled away to a minimal number who are continuing degree completion (Neale, 2006). (including post classroom research). Subjects Based on Palys’s (n.d) perspectives on purposive sampling, current on line students participating in online learning from universities within the SACS (Southern Association of Colleges and Schools) will be the proposed respondents. These subjects have been identified as graduate level, on line students, who enrolled in a program with the aspirations of completing a graduate degree as prescribed on the university’s timeline. According to Palys (n.d), the researcher will have to identify respondents based on the purpose of the study. The participants will be asked to participate in a brief non compensated survey design ed to solicit answers about their academic on line experience and personal situations likely to cause them leave the process.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on A Qualitative Research Survey on Why People Leave Online Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instrument will be designed to gain specific information regarding the conflicts these students face based on a framework that draws on the decision making theory. That explains where they decided it to be to their best interest to forego their desired outcome of the experience of completing an on line degree. The participants will be assured that their participation will be voluntary and confidential, and in no way will their identity be compromised and no personal information will be included in the research, research instrument, or shared with any third party. This will be done by providing student a confidential page to fill and an informed consent form to inspire confidence in the participants. That will further assure the participants that they will not be susceptible to risks of exposure of the information they give and that they will be informed of the results of the study. Ancillary concerns are based on a participant rate of a minimum of 33%, from this type of a response, there is a high confidence that a valid sample can be disseminated and applied to this research. Data The data collected will be from a cohort of current students admitted to accredited on line, Ph.D. programs. The criteria expectation is they are admitted to a University for the purpose of degree completion, in a specific department and program. The population has been observed to have a considerable dropout rate-define compared- from the time of registration to the end of on line class completion (prior to administering qualifying exams). The purpose of this sample is to examine a collective group (cohort) who started in a graduate level, on line program and to track their longitudinal decline and the specific decision making situation (conflict) that influences their decision to withdrawal rather than continue through the conflict.Advertising Looking for thesis on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participants in this study may live in various geographic areas of the United States, but attend Universities in the SACS region, this effort will be facilitated by contacting the on-line directors at these Universities via e mail. Surveys may be administered through a third party web based platform (e.g. www.surveymonkey.com or another web based provider) to ensure standard application. These on-line learners are the focus of this study (Nettles Millett, 2006). After initial contact, a time sensitive window for data collection will be used. Once participants reply to the instrument, data collected will be reviewed for patterns that are consistent to the types of conflicts that the participant encounter and influence the critical decision possibly leave the on line programs. This information will be coded into categories for data transposition. Creation of codes will be consistent with inclinations and discontent encountered while articipating on line classes. This research will fo cus on the factors relative with dissatisfaction that could perpetuate a decision to leave a program and will be correlated with decision making theories. Coding this quantitative data will be necessary to convert the responses into phenomenal descriptions to correlate the decision making theory to conflict theory criteria and thus authenticating the data collected. The time line for this data is historical, so no future (anticipated drop out) rates will be considered. A data base management system (DBMS) using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used to organise the data collected using a coding system. The technique provides the mechanism for organisation of data in logical structures, thereby allowing sharing of data for multiple applications (Talhouni, 1990). Following this, appropriate stored data were inputted into the input interfaces of the relevant tools used in the study. The processed data were retrieved from the output interface of the tools used accor dingly. t – Test Statistic Student’s t-test is a parametric test-statistic for testing hypothesis when the data are in ratio or interval form (Okoko, 2000). The use of student’s t-test for hypothesis testing requires the calculation of the means and standard deviations of the distributions to be compared, and also the standard error of the difference between the two means. In order words the test is suitable for one mean value (one sample test) or for comparing two mean values. It is given by the following expression When t – value is calculated the significance or otherwise of the test at a given significance level (ÃŽ ± level) can be determined. If t value is greater than t critical at the set level of significance reject the null hypothesis that there is no significance difference in the means of the two samples and accept the alternative otherwise accept the null hypothesis (Okoko, 2000). Role of Researcher The researcher will independently collect d ata by examining the cohort of students enrolled in online programs. On the other hand, the research will collect data using rigorous data collection instruments and other relevant information by conducting qualitative researches including literature reviews, examining documents, and participating in the administration of interviews. In addition to that, the researcher will play the role of reviewing ad organizing collected data and other information in a form to be analyzed. The researcher will also identify research variables, assign numerical values to the variables, frame the data, and provide adequate details about the data. References Allen, I. J. (2003). Sizing the Opportunity: the Quality and Extent of Online Education  in the United States, 2002 and 2003. Needham, MA: Sloan. Bailey, M. (2002). A new perception on the construct of distance learning. New York: Miller Associates Publishing. Bean, J. (1990). Why students leave: Insights from research. In J. B. D. Hossler, Th e  Strategic Management of College Enrollment (pp. 170-185). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Creswell, J. (2002). Qualitative Inquiry and Research: Planning, Conducting, and  Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. McLaughlin, G. P. (1998). Changing Perspectives on Student Retention: A Role for  Institutional Research. Research in Higher Education, 1-18. National Center for Educational Statistics. (2010). Digest od Educational Statistics. Washington, DC: IES National Center for Educational Statistics. Neale, P. T. (May 2006). Preparing A Case Study: A guide for Designing and  Conducting a Case study for Evaluation Input. Watertown, MA: Pathfinder International. Okoko, E. (2000). Quantitative Techniques in Urban Analysis. Ibadan: Kraft books Limited. Talhouni, B.T.K. (1990). Measurement and Analysis of Construction Labour Pr oductivity. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Dundee. Nettles, M. . C. M. Millett. (2006). Three Magic Letters Getting to Ph.D. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Willging, P. A. (2008). Factors That Influence Students Decision to Dropout of  Online Courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 115-127. Yin, R. (2003). Case Study Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Yin, R. (2009). Case study Research: design and Methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Palys, T., (n.d). Purposive Sampling1. Retrieved from sfu.ca/~palys/Purposive%20sampling.pdf

Bertrand Surname Meaning and Family History

Bertrand Surname Meaning and Family History A medieval French form of the given name Bertram, the Bertrand surname means bright raven, derived from the elements beraht, meaning bright or intelligent and hramn,  meaning raven. Bertrando is the Italian version of the surname. Bertrand is the 17th most common last name in France. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings: BERTRAM, BERTRANDO Famous People with the Surname Bertrand Alexandre Bertrand -  French archaeologistJoseph Bertrand - French mathematicianAlexandre Jacques Franà §ois Bertrand  Ã‚  - French physician and mesmerist; father of Alexandre Bertrand and Joseph BertrandÉmile Bertrand - French mineralogist for whom bertrandite was namedAntoine de Bertrand - French Renaissance composerLouis Jacques Napolà ©on Bertrand (pen name  Aloysius Bertrand)  - French poet Where the Bertrand  Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Bertrand surname is most prevalent in France, where it ranks as the 21st most common last name in the country. Bertrand is also fairly common in Luxembourg, where it ranks 55th, as well as Belgium (107th) and Canada (252nd). It is almost twice as common today in the United States (ranked 2,667) as it was at the time of the 1880 census (5,258). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  demonstrate that the Bertrand surname is common throughout France, but is found in greatest numbers in the regions of Poitou-Charentes, Languedoc-Roussillon, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, as well as in nearby Wallonie, Belgium. Within the United States, Bertrand is, as you might expect, most common in Louisiana, while in Canada it is found in the greatest numbers in Quebec and the Northwest Territories. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Bertrand French Surname Meanings and Origins: Does your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names.How to Research-French Ancestry: Learn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated.Bertrand Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Bertrand  family crest or coat of arms for the Bertrand surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.BERTRAND  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Bertrand  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Bertrand query.FamilySearch - BERTR AND Genealogy: Explore over 500,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Bertrand surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - BERTRAND  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Bertrand.GeneaNet - Bertrand  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Bertrand surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Bertrand Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Bertrand  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

PHP Troubleshooting When Page Loads All White

PHP Troubleshooting When Page Loads All White You upload your PHP web page and go to view it. Instead of seeing what you expected, you see nothing. A blank screen (often white), no data, no error, no title, nothing. You view the source ... its blank. What happened? Missing Code The most common reason for a blank page  is that the script is missing a character. If you left out a   or } or ; somewhere, your PHP wont work. You dont get an error; you just get a blank screen. There is nothing more frustrating than looking through thousands of lines of code for the one missing semicolon that is messing the whole thing up. What can be done to correct and prevent this from happening? Turn on PHP Error Reporting. You can learn a lot about what is going wrong from the error messages PHP gives you. If you arent currently getting error messages, you should  turn on PHP error reporting.Test your code often. If you  test each piece as you add it, then when you encounter a problem, you know the specific section to troubleshoot. Itll be in whatever you just added or changed.Try a color-coded editor. A lot of PHP editors- even free ones- color code your PHP as you enter it. This helps you pick out lines that dont end  because youll have large chunks of code in the same color. Its non-intrusive for programmers who prefer to code with no bells and whistles but helpful when troubleshooting.Comment it out. One way to isolate the problem is to comment out large chunks of your code. Start at the top  and comment out all but the first couple of lines in a large block. Then echo () a test message for the section. If it echoes fine, the problem is in a section further dow n in the code. Move the start of your comment and your test echo downward as you work through your document, until you find the problem. If Your Site Uses Loops If you use loops in your code,  it could be that your page is stuck in a loop that never stops loading. You may have forgotten  to add  Ã‚  to the counter at the end of a loop, so the loop continues to run forever. You may have added it to the counter but then accidentally overwritten it at the start of the next loop, so you never gain any ground. One way to help you spot this is to  echo() the current counter number or other useful information at the beginning of each cycle. This way you might get a better idea of where the loop is tripping up. If Your Site Doesnt Use Loops Check that any HTML or Java you use on your page isnt causing a problem  and that any  included pages  are without error.

How did the differences in Persian and Greek political and military Essay

How did the differences in Persian and Greek political and military organization determine the course of the Persian Wars - Essay Example It may be more than substantial to note that most of the facts on the Persian Wars were written by Greeks in what can be perceived as less than objective detail of account. The tyrants who were placed into office after their defeat at Ephesus in 498 B.C. created further conflict among the Hellinistic states. Sparta lend a hand to Alcmaeonidae to overthrow Hippias in 510 B.C. but it was still not enough to ensure a lasting alliance. The eventual coalition came to be in defense of Ionia wherein the leading factions were able to set aside their differences to be able to overcome Persian autocracy. ii The emergence of Greece as a strong compounded force made it difficult for the already dwindling Persian force to defeat it. As the war fizzled out, the huge Persian Army, which overshadows the Greeks in sheer number proved to be inadequate in comparison to the combined cunning and force of the Greeks. The internal conflicts among the different convictions within Athens in reference to other city-states were one of the main factors which contributed to the prolonged indifference to finally halt the

Implementation of Change from Mixed Sex Ward to a Single Sex Ward Essay

Implementation of Change from Mixed Sex Ward to a Single Sex Ward - Essay Example Women vulnerability with severe mental illness to physical and sexual abuses noted in mixed-sex wards. These increased rates of past sexual assaults and abuses among psychiatric impatient made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse in mix-sex settings. This implies that re-victimization rates among women with mental illness are high. Increased recognition by the service providers of problems arising from histories of such trauma led to increase in same-sex inpatient units. Given the recognition that, trauma leads to pervasive and long term negative effects on mental health and relational problems, emotional regulation difficulties and mistrust of others, there was a general necessity to evade such menace. This paper is a case study on Implementation of Change from Mixed-sex ward to a single sex ward. It entails in-depth discussion about mixed-sex wards and single-sex wards, why the mixed-sex wards should be faced out in favor of the single-sex wards, demerits and merits of the two systems, as well as, the financial repercussions that come along with introduction of same-sex wards. Additionally, the paper explores the area of acute mental health to shade light on what needs to be done to achieve full transformations from mixed-sex to single-sex wards. ... e other hand, means service users and the patients share bathroom facilities, sleeping accommodations, and toilet facilities only with same sex people. However, the same sex ward is interpreted differently according to different hospitals. It could be a whole ward that is occupied by either women alone or men alone. It can also be taken to mean a single room, or a mixed ward, where bays or rooms are used to separate men and women. This applies to virtually all the hospitality areas and the unit of mental health. The whole ward is occupied by either women or men but not both. More often than not, this requirement applies to organizations that provide NHS funded care whether in mental health or acute mental health, as well as, heath disability sectors. Areas mostly considered for single sex ward include estates, systems and processes, patient and staff culture experience (Imprrit, N. 2009). A ward is a place at which a team having appropriate specialist skills help in treating a group of patients. In a mixed ward, there is provision of same-sex accommodation by same sex bays or single rooms, as well as, toilet facilities (Mezey, G. 2005). A bay is an area for sleeping having multiple beds or a single bed with all the three sides of the walls enclosing them. The fourthly sides can be partially enclosed or glazed to allow the staff to monitor clinically their patients. Why mixed-sex should be replaced. In recent times, there have been reports indicating that the makers of the policies and some professionals have not learned anything from the risks that have encompassed same-sex accommodation. Same-sex accommodation wards continue experiencing poor opportunities for both recreational interventions and the therapeutic interventions, as well. These wards are sexual abuses

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Term Paper Example Eritrea relied on trade with Ethiopia whilst Ethiopia relied on Eritrean ports for shipment of its goods. Their nationals also enjoyed free movement between the countries and freedom of investment. The main question that lingers in our minds is how and why two nations who depend on each other for survival and economic prosperity would engage in a full-scale war due to a minor border dispute. This question is well answered by Abbink who argues that the border dispute was just a means to achieve wider ends and regional dominance by the Eritrean leader Isaias Afewerki and pressure from Meles Zenawi’s party, Tigrayans and the wider public.1 Other factors include personal arrogance of the two leaders, authoritarian disposition, political indecisiveness, and lack of clear-cut statesman-like agreements on mutual politico-economic relations of the two new states.2 Whatever the case, this behavior is in line with the realism theory of international relations that posits that states onl y act to increase their power relative others. This doctrine has been prevalent in previous major wars such as the two World Wars and Cold War. I will argue that this war could have been have avoided if only the two leaders engaged in diplomacy. The essay will be divided into six sections. The first section will discuss the roots and history of the conflict. Secondly, the attempts made by international community to avert the crises will be discussed. Thirdly, the current situation. Fourthly, lessons learned and prospects for constructive change and finally, a brief conclusion. Eritrea-Ethiopia War can be traced back to the era of colonization when the imperialists and colonial rulers engaged in â€Å"divide and conquer† policy.3The imperialists thus drew borders between countries wherever they colonized and this is how Italy ended up drawing maps in this northern region of Africa and especially Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Using the media 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Using the media 6 - Assignment Example In order to influence public opinion and as a nurse, I would use the media to apply pressure and advance the public policy issue. This would serve as a way of marshaling the constituents. Additionally, in order to communicate the public policy issue through the media, the message to be conveyed would need to be framed to make the information understandable by the public (Mason et al., 2011). The media can also be ineffective if the messages are conveyed to the wrong target group. It is at this point that I would determine the target group or audience for the communication. The social networking media can be effective means of communicating the public policy issue. A message passed through any of the social media sites and websites such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs can be weighty (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). Therefore, it would be effective to have a post in all social networking websites and blogs on the current state of the policy issue, and an expounded state of the policy issue a nd comments of a policy maker in an opinion editorial. However, although social networking websites may be helpful in conveying useful information, there are numerous concerns that need to be considered (Miller, 2011). These include privacy and confidentiality of information. Patient confidentiality and privacy is an essential issue that continues to be violated by social media users (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). It would be ethically and professionally wrong for a nurse to expose patient information without their

Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mythology - Essay Example Mythology also enters the discourse when it comes to symbolisms of national pride. Specific colors and figures upon the varying national flags all carry important historical and mythological stories behind them (McClure and Leonard, 2004, pp. 1-6). National emblems have their own mythological backgrounds as well. These figures serve as important testaments to the events that molded and formed the sovereign nation that they are today. National emblems and flags are not the only factors dictate the presence of symbolic mythology. Culture is also a field where myths reside. In the case of American mythological importance, the Grand Canyon in Arizona is a place of great interest. The area holds deep American heritage which is an important factor for the nation’s identity and culture. It reminds them of the early and the indigenous settlers who dwelt along the site. Stories of American myths on Indian tribes and the mythological beings attached to them are part of the structure of what early American culture is about (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 331-336). When it comes to modern day myths, the impact of such stories does not greatly influence the view that I look at the constant flow of history in the modern society that I dwell in. However, myths from the past like that of the stories confined within ancient American tribes make me think about the flow of unexplained powers of nature that may or may not exist. Such makes me wonder whether natural forces narrate the everyday lives of people. It makes me contemplate about one’s adherence to the will of nature’s spirit. The worldview of a particular people can also be affected by myths. This can be seen in the philosophical values of the Japanese people. The mythological stories of Kobo Daishi are of great significance to the formation of the mentality that the Shinto-Buddhists have. The symbolic events that happened in the stories of Kobo show the precepts of Buddhism and thus, a background which explains the Japanese attitude. Hence, the mentioned myths explain the simplicity, asceticism and practicality of the people through the influence of their religious oath (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 360). . Aside from the Japanese, the Jewish have their Waters of Eternal Life (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 361-363). Like the mentioned, mythologies create a huge influence in modern society. To emphasize the roles of myths in the modern era, religious tales are the most influential. These form the standards of ideological and religious belief thus, creating a way-of-life for a certain group of people. I have not personally travelled to any sacred place but I am greatly familiar with the Grand Canyon of Arizona. From an observer’s stand point, I presume that there is, indeed, a huge difference between secular places and the Grand Canyon. First of all, the aura of the place is entirely unique. The Grand Canyon is rich of the Native American heritage which entails a great deal of cul tural significance for the American nation as a whole. When topic of travelling is concerned, souvenirs make a great deal because it functions as a testament to the first hand experience that a certain individual has in the presence of a particular landmark. Souvenirs transform into an artefact or a relic which gives proof that a person had seen the splendour of a specific place. For my personal hobby, I collect book that spans to non-fiction, fiction, the occult and the

Article Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Article Response - Assignment Example The breadth of Kuhn’s influence on intellectual fields is captured by Matthews (2003). According to Matthews (2003) more than a million readers were impacted by Kuhn’s works. Moreover, many more were influenced by educators and writers who discussed or otherwise debated or discussed Kuhn’s work. Matthews (2003) also points out that Kuhn’s impact on education goes further in sparking debate among scholars and impacting research and methodology techniques because Kuhn raised a number of philosophical and methodological questions relative to the acquisition of knowledge. This paper analyses Matthews’ (2003) article and draws on insight from the education philosophies of Gutek (2000) and Eisner (2001) in ascertaining the practical implications for education. This research study is therefore divided into three main parts. The first part of this study provides a summary of Matthews’ position. The second part of the paper analyses Matthew’s p osition and its practical implications for education by reference to Gutek (2000 & 2004) and Eisner’s (2001) philosophies of education. The third part of the paper will provide the author’s position and its practical implications for education. ... m theory relates to Kuhn’s conceptualization of â€Å"normal science† which is a research technique grounded by universal concept, theory, test and methodology (p. 23). According to Matthews (2003), when Kuhn wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, created an entirely different conceptualization of science and in doing so impacted â€Å"science education theory and research† (p. 91). Matthews (2003) begins by offering some insight into Kuhn as a philosopher. Kuhn was more of a â€Å"historian of science† and with no formal philosophical background was a self-described â€Å"amateur† philosopher (p. 91). Nevertheless, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions influenced philosophical argument disproportionate to the philosophical discussion contained in the actual book. Regardless, Kuhn still managed to articulate an apparently â€Å"new† and â€Å"epistemological paradigm, or theory of scientific knowledge† (Matthews, 2003, p. 92) . More specifically, Kuhn’s book: ...gave a modern, scientifically informed, philosophical legitimacy to much older relativist and sceptical traditions in epistemology (Matthews, 2003, p. 92). For example, ancient Protagoreans such as Plato and other realist philosophers argued that what appeared to be just was just. Influenced by Kuhn’s book, modern Protagoreans would argue that scientific truths and decisions were â€Å"intratheoretic† and a rational conclusion can be drawn by looking more closely at conflicting theories (Matthews, 2003, p. 92). Modern Protagoreans, took a more Kuhnian position arguing that â€Å"different paradigms saw different things† and not simply â€Å"saw the same thing differently†: ontological claim vs epistemological claim (Matthews, 2003, p. 93). Since this pattern could be observed in science, it can be

Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mythology - Essay Example Mythology also enters the discourse when it comes to symbolisms of national pride. Specific colors and figures upon the varying national flags all carry important historical and mythological stories behind them (McClure and Leonard, 2004, pp. 1-6). National emblems have their own mythological backgrounds as well. These figures serve as important testaments to the events that molded and formed the sovereign nation that they are today. National emblems and flags are not the only factors dictate the presence of symbolic mythology. Culture is also a field where myths reside. In the case of American mythological importance, the Grand Canyon in Arizona is a place of great interest. The area holds deep American heritage which is an important factor for the nation’s identity and culture. It reminds them of the early and the indigenous settlers who dwelt along the site. Stories of American myths on Indian tribes and the mythological beings attached to them are part of the structure of what early American culture is about (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 331-336). When it comes to modern day myths, the impact of such stories does not greatly influence the view that I look at the constant flow of history in the modern society that I dwell in. However, myths from the past like that of the stories confined within ancient American tribes make me think about the flow of unexplained powers of nature that may or may not exist. Such makes me wonder whether natural forces narrate the everyday lives of people. It makes me contemplate about one’s adherence to the will of nature’s spirit. The worldview of a particular people can also be affected by myths. This can be seen in the philosophical values of the Japanese people. The mythological stories of Kobo Daishi are of great significance to the formation of the mentality that the Shinto-Buddhists have. The symbolic events that happened in the stories of Kobo show the precepts of Buddhism and thus, a background which explains the Japanese attitude. Hence, the mentioned myths explain the simplicity, asceticism and practicality of the people through the influence of their religious oath (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 360). . Aside from the Japanese, the Jewish have their Waters of Eternal Life (McClure and Leonard, 2004, 361-363). Like the mentioned, mythologies create a huge influence in modern society. To emphasize the roles of myths in the modern era, religious tales are the most influential. These form the standards of ideological and religious belief thus, creating a way-of-life for a certain group of people. I have not personally travelled to any sacred place but I am greatly familiar with the Grand Canyon of Arizona. From an observer’s stand point, I presume that there is, indeed, a huge difference between secular places and the Grand Canyon. First of all, the aura of the place is entirely unique. The Grand Canyon is rich of the Native American heritage which entails a great deal of cul tural significance for the American nation as a whole. When topic of travelling is concerned, souvenirs make a great deal because it functions as a testament to the first hand experience that a certain individual has in the presence of a particular landmark. Souvenirs transform into an artefact or a relic which gives proof that a person had seen the splendour of a specific place. For my personal hobby, I collect book that spans to non-fiction, fiction, the occult and the

Intermediate Horsemanship Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Intermediate Horsemanship Syllabus Essay Course Objectives: This course is designed to be a laboratory class giving students maximal opportunity to gain hands-on experience working with horses. This is a continuation of ADSC 2500L (Beginning Horsemanship) and will go into greater detail of advanced concepts regarding riding, training, and handling horses. This class assumes that students have a basic understanding of rider position. This class will focus on going into more detail on rider influence of the horse and training techniques for different disciplines. Prerequisites: ADSC 2500L or a good basic mastery of correct riding position and basic riding skills. Riders should be able to catch, groom, and saddle their horses independently, as well as mount from the ground unassisted. Riders should also be able to ride comfortably at a walk, trot (jog), or canter (lope) in order to be comfortable performing exercises involved in the class. Physical requirements: This class involves physical activity and inherent risk associated with working with horses. While we do everything possible to ensure safety of students, there is always a risk of being injured while riding. In order to participate in this class, you will be required to sign a waiver releasing UGA of all liability associated with any injury you may sustain while participating in the class. I am not a doctor and cannot tell you what you are medically or physically capable of doing based on pre-existing conditions, physical fitness, etc. If you have concerns as to whether you can safely participate, please see a licensed health care physician prior to participating in this class. At the very minimum, students will be required to saddle horses unassisted (requiring you to lift approximately 30 lbs over head) and be able to mount unassisted from the ground. Attire: Long pants and boots with heels are required each day in order to participate. Approved helmets are mandatory but will be provided. All other equipment will be provided. If you choose to bring your own saddle, please do not leave it at the Arena—we cannot be responsible for lost or damaged equipment. Please recognize that you are responsible for ensuring the safety and functionality of any equipment you choose to bring to use. Text: There is no required text for this class. I will often copy chapters from Centered Riding by Sally Swift (copyright 1985) as well as excerpts from related books, magazines, and journals. A list of tentative handouts for each week is provided on the syllabus. Schedule: (This is a tentative list of topics. Topics may be added or deleted as necessary to benefit the course) Week 1 Jan 7-11: Introduction Week 2 Jan 14-18: Basic position, correct use of hands; practice bending, transitions, canter departures; drill team exercises at the walk, trot, and canter â€Å"Basic Horsemanship Required for Training Horses†, â€Å"Half Halt How To†, â€Å"Half Halt† in Centered Riding Week 3 Jan 21-25: Learning collection and developing self carriage in horses, discussion of training aids such as martingales, draw reins, side reins, and types of bits; exercise: barrel patterns to improve turns â€Å"Bitting and Driving†, â€Å"Circles and Turns†, â€Å"Borrow A Trainer-Correct Bends on Curves and Squares†, â€Å"The Perfect Turn, Parts 23† Week 4 Jan 28-Feb 1: Simple lead changes, work on correct bending, movement of hind end and front end of horse; exercises: barrel patterns and serpentines through cones â€Å"Suppling the Horse† Week 5 Feb 4-8: Riding for accuracy developing response time; exercises: continuation of barrel patterns and serpentines as well as pattern work with transitions, straight lines, circles, etc. Week 6 Feb 11-15: Extending and shortening the stride, learning stride control using poles, emphasis on self carriage and pace control â€Å"Walk and the Following Seat†, â€Å"Lengthening Stride†, â€Å"Borrow a Trainer-Extending the lope and slowing back down†, â€Å"†Jarring Jog† Week 7 Feb 18-22: Collection and extension, use of poles, pole courses â€Å"Building Stronger BasicsBAR—Simple Changes on Course† MIDTERM—FEB 20/21—covers handouts thru week 6 Week 8 Feb 25-Mar 1: Controlling the bend and stride of the horse using poles; pole exercises on circle Week 9 Mar 4-8: Flying lead changes â€Å"Flying Change of Lead—Presentation† Week 10 Spring Break—March 11-15 Week 11 Mar 18-22: Counter canter and balance â€Å"Chapter 10—Counter Canter†, â€Å"Confirm that Counter Canter† Week 12 Mar 25-29: Counter canter; patterns incorporating canter, bending, counter canter Week 13 Apr 1-5: Learning lateral movements, moving parts independently â€Å"Lateral Work†, â€Å"Always a Pleasure† Week 14 Apr 8-12: Teaching horses lateral movements and pivots Week 15 Apr 15-19: Trail courses to improve control Week 16 Apr 22-26: Practice day April 29—Last day of class Final Exam: M/W section: Wednesday, May 1, 8:00-11:00 am T/H section: Thursday, May 2, 12:00-3:00 pm Grading: Participation and progress25%* Midterm25% Final25% Final Project25% * will be determined by a % of days in class (i.e. no absences = 100%); lateness or non-participation will count as an absence for the day; participation may at times include riding tests. Absences may be excused for medical or school related activities. In the event of an excused absence, these days will count neither for nor against your attendance grade. ***More than 5 absences (excused or unexcused) will result in a failing grade for the course. Final Project: Video will be taken during different portions of the course. You will write a paper to evaluate your riding. Paper should be a minimum of 2-3 pgs single spaced in length. Papers should include the following: analysis of your riding strengths and weaknesses, analysis of what skills you have improved upon, analysis of your position and effectiveness as a rider including areas which you are strong and areas that you need to improve, specific examples (i.e., people in the class) who exemplify particularly desirable riding skills that should be emulated (e.g., â€Å"Mary is particularly effective at controlling her horse’s pace using little hand movement†Ã¢â‚¬â€perhaps this is due to correct position, stability of seat, etc. These are areas you can expand upon), analysis of the exercises done in class as to their effectiveness in improving your riding skills, other exercises you feel you should be doing to improve your riding techniques.

Fashionable Illustrations And Appearance In Editorials Cultural Studies Essay

Fashionable Illustrations And Appearance In Editorials Cultural Studies Essay Fashion illustrations were and will stay desirable forever! For many years this part of art was modifying and improving to become an independent and valuable art segment. For some people it might have no value, but for some of them it is a meaning of the life. Illustrations are in a huge connection with art movements, fashion trends and photography. Beauty canons dictate the rules for illustrators but there is always space for flights of imagination. Why there are the periods when it becomes popular and then almost disappears? There are many reasons affecting the attractiveness of fashion illustrations. First of all cultural aspects are playing quite important role of perception. Photography is the main rival for illustrations. It was a huge explosion of photography which almost substituted the illustration in magazine spreads. However there is no other way for fashion to be produced without illustrations. That means until the fashion exists, the fashion illustrations will appear again and again In spite of any possible reasons, people will always admire increase or decrease of interest to fashion illustrations. Furthermore even if our life will be totally under computerisation we still are going to be in need of hand drawing fashion illustration as we always in need of pure art. The story of fashion illustrations goes deep in a history. First sketches appeared about 500 years ago. Development is an inalienable process for human being. Attractiveness might be one of the main reasons why humanity still exists. People love beauty. Magnificent beauty might have natural origin or could be done by human to make this world better. That was one of the reason for beginning of fashion. Another reason was social inequality. Outfit always was the main significant factor of social status. Fashion industry was growing up day by day. There was only one way to make it available for mass to make it illustrative. According to Blackman (2007, p. 6) first fashion illustrated magazine called La Mercure galant (1672). Another source of information were french fashion plates. Widely recognisable artists such as Jean de St Jean, Franà §ois Octavien, Antoine Hà ©risset and Bernard Picart were providing women with latest trends. In spite of that fact that someone liked or criticized illustrations, the information extended quickly and effectively in all social layers. Additionally, the beauty canon of that time was a women in comparison with the vase, same fragile and refined. Woman who is quite educated for formal conversations, who visits salons and theatres, who knows everything about last trends, who looks fashionable. Models were drawn quite skinny and still were wearing corsets. Later, the illustrations were available in wide range of magazines. At that time the illustrations did not have the current meaning. It has distinctive and simple purpose distribution. Figures were drawn accurately with all details without exaggeration or stylization. It was necessarily to make people believe in reality of image. It supposed to have the power that photography record facts. Moreover increasable achievement in the chain between fashion brand and final piece were patterns which appeared in many magazines. It has allowed for women to produce clothes by themselves. Its amazing that we still use this illustrated schemes in the magazines. Perfect example is a Burda Style magazine (1949) Each picture in Burda Style supported by pattern. Amazing fact that Harpers Bazaar magazine (fig. 1) first published at 1867 and Vogue just at 1892. This magazines have quite similar content and basic ideas for graphic and structure. In spite of this, Vogue is the top fashion magazine in the world Top fashion magazines are always competing. However graphic and content are often quite similar. The world of fashion magazines could be compare with fashion industry. As soon as leading designer or fashion house represents their collection, the next day all key elements will be copying by other. Then it will be called trends of the season. Completely the same process is working for fashion publication. As soon as some new technique, new manner to present the information or new unordinary layouts appear in Vogue magazine it will be copied by the rest publications around the globe and will be called trend. Vogue discover and makes stars from people links to this business as photographers, illustrators models and designers and many others. If a husband or father of the early or mid-Victorian era chose to deny the women of his household access to controversial magazines such as Harper`s, then instead he might permit them to subscribe to one of the few publications specifically created for women: Ladies Literary Cabinet (1819-22), Graham`s Magazine (1826-55), Ladies Magazine (1828-36), Godey`s Lady`s Book (1830-98), Ladies` Repository(1841-76), Peterson`s Ladies` National Magazine (1854-57), Harper`s Bazar (1867-present day) (Delis Hill, 2004, p. 2). Day by day magazine market growned up. Development of printing process reduced production costs. Many new magazines appeared before twenties. That gave a chance to illustrations to become more developed. Photography was already announced but was not used extensively. Blackman (2007, p. 71) reports that the twenties and thirties could be considered as Golden age of fashion illustrations. In spite of the fact that at the beginning of thirties the favour started switching to colore photography. First colore cover photographed by Edward Steichen, appeared in 1932. Furthermore by analysis of market shows that photographic Vogue covers sold better. At that time Illustrators were totally influenced by art moments. Dada, Bauhaus, De Stijl and Art Deco brought magazines design in completely new level but made the illustrations development limited. One of the example could be considered by George Barbier illustrations. George Barbie (1882 1932) was well recognizable and talented French illust rator. During his successful career he illustrated books, worked on haute couture fashion illustrations, designed jewellery and costumes, glass and wallpaper (George Barbier, 2010). Analysing Barbie earlier illustrations (fig. 2) and compare to later works (fig. 3) appears the big difference in technique, style and colour. His earlier works are more natural, more distinctive. Earlier works did not have that much details which are not related to concrete clothes. Mostly, the model was drawn on one colour background. Later on George Barbie started to produce more complicated works. Fashion illustrations looked like a painting with many characters. Moreover it told a story. All his older illustrations are sated by details inherent to Art Deco style. One of the best Art Deco painter is Tamara de Lempicka. Illustrations from Tamara de Lempicka could be compared to George Barbie to prove that there are many similarities (fig. 4-5). First of all geometrical shapes are involved in composition. Both images are quit elegant and have a lot of decorative details. Models pained according to Art Deco beauty canons. That facts proves that George Barbier definitely was influenced by Art Deco movement. The influence of art movements was so strong in a period from 1900 to 1950 that it was a bit frozen possible development of illustrations. In spite of this situation, the illustrations were extremely popular at that time. However, this is exact example of how much this branch of art depends on art in general. People were depend on illustrations, but illustrations were depend on needs. Moreover it depended of fashion. This is completely limited circle when everything appears because of concrete aim and purpose. New brands appeared day by day, fashion houses were very popular, when Coco Chanel made a revolution in fashion industry. The essence of her style was rooted in a masculine model of power, a direction that has dominated twentieth-century fashion. (The fashion book,1998, p. 98). Emancipation opened the border for women to represent themselves, for designers to create completely new clothes, for illustrators to be less influenced by movements. Fashion illustrations of that time were much more aggressive and independent. Authors brought more personal fillings. Women were considered as an independent, strong and powerful part of society. Women body was no longer represented as a stylized illustration, which totally depended on rules of art movement. That was a time of French fashion. Times when Haute Couture empire began to grow up. According to Blackman (2007, p. 72) Parisian couture dominated international. However US fashion designers presented beautiful collections during the interwar years. American ready-to-wear collections outstand all European countries. That was the time when Hollywood influenced to fashion, design and perception. Actors were iconic idols for people to consider fashion and brans. Women tried to reproduced expensive clothes by hieing a dress maker or do it by themselves. Vogue, Woman`s journal and Weldon`s were providing readers with patterns. Vogue and Harpers Bazaar were widely experimenting with photography. However, fashion illustrations appeared in all publications (fig. 6-7). Talking about history, there are three most important decades for fashion illustrations: Golden age, sixties and probably present days. Sixties and seventies changed everything. That time changed cultures, fashion, music, art and even politics. Pop art became very popular and supported popularity of photography. Photography almost replaced illustrations. It was everywhere. Haute Couture market was almost generated to that what it looks today. Dior, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Valentino, Givenchy and many other fashion designers and fashion houses opened their doors to fashionable and rich customers. Fashion illustrations became very progressive, different and ordinary (fig. 8). Freedom, sexuality and style are displayed in all illustrations of that period. Vogue fashion spreads remind this days design. Photography was placed next to illustration.(fig. 9). According to Blackman (2007, p. 168) Illustrated covers appeared rarely. Well known editorial illustrators of the sixties were: Renà © Bouchà ©, Alfredo Bouret, Tod Draz, Tom Keogh, Eric Stemp, John Ward and Audrey Lewis. The last the old school representations Eric (Carl Erickson) and Bouchà © died. New magazines such as Nova and Queen were hieing the strongest and more talented art editors. Magazine design was re forced with photography. Photographers and models were considered as a celebrities. Hippy fashion take it predominating position. Sixties totally changed beauty canons. Skinny figures became a prisoners of 90-60-90 measurements. However tall, over skinny bodies became iconic image of ideal women. Even todays the fashion illustrations as well as fashion in general, follow this rules, nothing has changed for fifty years. After a couple tragic death of the models from diagnosis of anorexia did not make designers to reconsider their strict beauty canons. But this fact gave a chance for hundred magazines who taught women how to lose weight appeared on the market. Diets became a complex market which gave a chance for such structures as: pharmacology, dietetics, psychology, technology, and cosmetology selling there products to women. For the last 3-4 years illustrations became incredibly popular. Magazines full of fashion illustrations, drew advertising and brochures. Such top magazines as Vogue and Elle, which almost dictate the rules for fashion, switched from photography to illustrations. Excellent example is five editorial spreads of Elle magazines (May, 2010) by Ulrich Schrà ¶der (fig. 10-11), who represented fashion top designers as a Disney cartoon characters. That was not the first time when illustrations completely replaced photography. In August 2007 truly realistic drawn editorial created by talented illustrator Julius Preite (fig. 12) appeared in Harpers Bazaar. Many details, clothes and shoes were copied from original. It was totally different way to introduce fashionable design pieces to mass. Inspire of all risks it had incredible success. Moreover any innovative idea, which appears in a world top fashion magazines is copied by smaller publications. Probably this was an exact way for illustrations to become so popular recently. Now even make up trends simply recreated by illustrators. This is unbelievable, magazines teaches women how to dress up properly, to do make up or hair style by using illustrations some times even cartoons. Further evidence of high interest to illustrations are the Vogue pages. Looking through all international editions some fashion illustration becomes involved in issue layout at list ones. Fashion news, trends, brand history and many other sections are full with the colourful of black and white illustrations, sometimes even stylized as a sketch. Looking at Vogue page (fig. 13) first what could be mentioned is technic of illustrations. All the models are hand drawn and scanned. Furthermore, it was not computer retouched in term of colour. The purpose is to make it as more natural and real as possible. Vogue mostly promote expensive brands. Hand drawn illustrations are the excellent way to reduce this bohemian filling, eliminate inaccessibility. Concerning to the popularity of fashion illustrations there is no way to ignore the spiral aspect. Again and again photography and illustrations are fighting against each other. Weariness of photography increases the illustration popularity and vice versa. One of the best way to make both illustration and photography work is a collage. This technique called photomontage in early sixties and was applied quite often (fig. 14). Many illustrators work in this style which is quite suitable for fashion. Nicole Jarecz is one of them. Her balanced combination of hand drawn elements, photography, fabrics makes her works special (fig. 15). Target audience of the top fashion magazine are women between 20-45 years old, who look for last trends rather then piece of art in a fashion magazines. Definitely this fact narrows the purpose of illustrations and make it less powerful, makes it branded. This is return to the time when illustrations began, when the main purpose was to promote the brand, not making a piece of art out of illustration. Analysing the nature of illustrations could be mentioned that fashion illustration consists of two components: model and clothes. One of the incredible power of illustrations over photography is personality. There are hundred ways to stylize imagined model, exaggerate, make it perfect and incredibly beautiful. Illustrator has total control of fantasy what photographer does not have. Working with a model makes the process of photography less personal. Each of them have their own vision, thoughts, mood and million other aspects, which provides the influence to the final piece. The purpose of fashion photography or editorial photo shoots is to represent styling (promotion of many brands at one time) in creative and not ordinary way. Illustrations could be trendy now, but origin of interests are aways different. One of the basic factors from the first publication of fashion illustrations till now, which effects the popularity of illustrations is cultural aspect. For the last years illustration became so popular in USA and Europe, but at the same time it is still so unpopular in Central Asia. Central Asia development in this subject stand behind Europe at list for 50 years. Now there is a perfect time for photography being on the top. Photography market becomes enormously huge, while illustrations are hiding in the shadow. In USA and Europe people are quite tired of photography, it became too commercial for the last years. People started to visit more exhibitions, galleries, buying art pieces. Moreover perfect way to switch was push illustration to editorial design. As more detailed example could be considered Kazakhstan. It is quite fashionable country. Many women follow every possible fashion and beauty news, trying to order last design collections from Europe. The rest, just have no chance to be fashionable, because most of the selling clothes are originally from Turkey or China with fake models. People wear latest fakery clothes from couture collections not even knowing about it. Air impregnated by fashion, makes women read the magazines. It is like a drop of water in a desert. There is no that long time passed from 80th when people could not buy any nice clothes as import to the country from abroad was totally closed. People where waiting in a queues through the nights to get a pair of jeans. First international fashion magazine was like a Bible to follow. Situation did not change that much from those days. Kazakh women still trust to the fashion magazines. This is one of the reasons why fashion illustrations are not popular in this country . Women want to see facts, real photography. Illustrations will make them feel deceived. The only reason why illustrations appear in Kazakh publications is financial aspect. It is much cheaper to draw a model than arrange the whole photo shoot. Fashion illustrations are still in the Kazakh market staying totally unpopular, but as the need for customer to save the money. There is no way for fashion to be produced without illustration. First draft appears on paper and then modifies to become a final pice of fashion industry. Mostly, fashion designers do not work on computers. First ideas are always hand drawn. In spite of computerisation process paper sketches are the primary source of design ideas. This might have a part of human nature which deeply inside rejects any advantages of human development. Unless artist possess of hand drawing skill would newer be totally switched to computer sketches. Furthermore not so many fashion designers publish or sale their fashion illustrations. It might be because fashion designers consider illustration as a part of a chain where is the main aim to produce a piece of clothing. To sketch it is the only way to achieve the aim. Computerization changed the look of fashion illustrations. There are many ways to retouch, finalize or create illustration in Adobe creative suite programs. Many online tutorials are available. Designers experiment with different technics. One of the most widespread process is to draw the illustration on paper, scan it and retouch in Photoshop using different brushes, bright colours and different effects. Another technic is to collect from slices a single unique image. Collage always makes illustration more original. One of the ways to do it is to do the first sketches using watercolour, gouache ink or just pencil instead of scanning image. Further steps are to find inspirited objects and photo shoot them. For the object itself can be taken all possible elements: fabrics, crystals, papers or magazine pages. The strong side of this technique that it does not have any limits. It could have hundred levels. Collages widely used for fashion illustrations. Mostly it used for production of T-shirts, bags or even scarfs. I think, that Commercial fashion illustration is not in a big demand now. Probably because of the latest Photoshop upgrades and a general image processing that can be done on a computer. However Editorial type of fashion Illustration is now hotter then ever. Especially images that look like they are done by hand and are Art (Eduard Erlikh, 2010). However even this filling of hand drawn illustration could be achieved with Photoshop or Illustrator brushes. In spite of this nothing could replace personal drawing skills (fig. 16-18). Definitely, there are many ways to produce unique illustrations. Within the design programs it is possible to change the whole look, give a total different meaning to illustration and its perception. However there is a certain rules for fashion illustrators. According to Tatham and Seaman (2003, p. 50) it is important to keep actual proportions of human body, because illustrations suppose to present clothes to be worn by real people. Despite of this matter, the illustration could have some stylization. Abstract or unfinished shape unless there is a science of proportions. Whatever idea hiding behind, wether it is a collage, full of fabrics and photos or hand drawn illustration, it must attract attention, there must have integrity and must remain that it is still about human being, existing fashion and potential customers. Sad fact is that fashion illustrations are not an independent art segment. In fact illustrator is a prisoner of society. First of all if illustrator is not a fashion designer, then he suppose to draw a piece of someone else art. Fashion illustrator still has to remember that he is dealing with human body. He must consider trends of illustration style to have a chance to sell it. He suppose to come with something new in era where is almost no chance for discovering. People often wonder how fashion designers manage to come up with so many marvellous new ideas. The truth is that these ideas are rarely completely new: designers create by reinventing the world around them'(Tatham and Seaman, 2003, p. 12). However, analysing current illustrators styles would be suitable to say that all the ideas were stolen from past and computer retouched to be at list a little different. Last three years could be called Silver age of illustrations. Hundreds new names appeared. Many of them incredibly and talented. Amazing fact is that quite a lot graphic designers are changing qualification to fashion illustrations. Illustrations are everywhere: magazines, brochures, advertising, promotion materials, bags, shoes, clothes, packaging design and even jewellery. The only disappointment is recreation. In comparisons with fifties, mainly sixties styles and illustration techniques, similarity is too obvious. Technics are almost duplicated. Like for example combination of painting with pencil or ink and watercolour. Most of the times, image looks like it was painted, but some details left untouched. It gives a filling of hand drawing composition , but at the same time there is some mystery. This unfinished look give a chance for imagination. This technique started widely used in 1945 till around 1970. Such illustrators as: Christian Bà ©rard, Renà © Gruau, Bernard Blossac and Setsu Nagasawa were using this technique. Nowadays this style of illustrations could be find in Vogue, Elle, Harpers Bazaar and many others international publications (fig. 19-22). This is exact reason why this period of time could not be called second Golden age of illustrations, there is nothing new, except unbelievable popularity of the illustrations. Probably for many people it would trendy to talk, to produce illustrations, but in case they would go at list a bit dipper they would discover for themselves that this trend was trendy many years ago, as it is now Sophie Grizzotto is talented french illustrator who was published in many international publications including Elle magazine. There are lots of aspects which make her work different, to stand above the others. First of all she has amazing drawing skills. Catching the moments this is one of the most powerful feature of her works. The details she presents are also incredibly important and competitive to photography. Unfortunately her works looks similar to Bernard Blossac illustrations made in forties. Blosac`s illustrations were widely used by such magazines as: Vogue, Harpers Bazaar and LOfficiel. Comparing Sophie Grizzotto illustrations (fig. 23) with Bernard Blossac works (fig. 24) such similarities could be noticed. Bernard Blosac used pencils and watercolour to produce his illustrations. Sophie Grizzotto works completely using the same technique. The only difference that she achieves watercolour effect using Photoshop brushes. Distinctive feature of Bernard Blosac technique make s the feeling of unfinished piece. Some details in the image left without filling with watercolour, staying in pen. This detail gives to the person who looked at the illustration a chance to finalize image by himself. It is wrong to blame this talented person to plagiarism, but influence is obvious. By analysing and comparing todays illustrations to the period of fifties and sixties sadly start realizing that all the styles and technique are borrowed from that time. Inspiration is a way to get passed, light up not the way to copy someone else ideas. There are many reasons why fashion illustration will stay desirable forever. Sadly one of the reasons is that illustrations are a part of a circle, spiral process, when something that was already created will be appearing again and again. In spite of this it was a couple moments which could destroyed fashion illustration existence, but it did not happened. Colour photography still can not replace illustrations. Defiantly popularity of fashion illustrations could depend on many aspects, but everything in this world is dependable. Interest to photography decreases interest to illustrations. In spite of this, the interest to illustrations is always exist. Personality is amazing filling which fashion illustrations give to this world. Each illustration is unique beauty object. Cultural aspects, beauty canons, development, computerization and million of other factors could influence to fashion illustrations. However we still need it, as we need real beauty created by real, alive person. Moreover, woman are the main customers for fashion. They will adore fashion illustrations forever like they adore the fairy tales. Illustrations give a chance for unlimited fantasy to exist. It is like starting point for magistery. Beauty is a magic. People are dependable on beauty. Fashion is one of the main source of beauty and there is no other chance for fashion to appear without illustrations. Photography is amazing achievement for humanity. There is always will be a competition, hided war between fashion illustrations and fashion photography. The positive sign is that more often people combine both of this branch together. Collages have a strong visual power. It gives the chance to these arts to collaborate and supplement each other. Todays fashion illustrations have this tendency to copy from existing styles to present a new ideas. Hopefully there will be a progress in a future. Many talented people are working in this field today. Many of them trying to come with something special, new progressive in illustrative world. It might be quite difficult to discover something new in this era, where almost everything was created. Primary fashion illustration depend on human ability and imagination. People have this ability to come up with amazing achievements. It must happened with illustrations as well- break to the new era platinum age of illustrations. May be quite soon Vogue photographed cover will be replaced with fashion illustration.

Model of Power within Organizations :: Legitimate Power, Reward, Coercive Power

Introduction To explain the statement: 'Power does not flow to unknown people in the organization', I will give an overview of the Model of Power in Organizations according to Mc Shane and Von Glinow, which includes a definition of the meaning of power, the different sources of power, and the contingencies that need to exist before sources of power will translate into actual power. Finally, I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. The Sources and Contingencies of Power in Organizations McShane and Von Glinow define Power as â€Å"the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others† (300). Furthermore, they state that power derives from five main sources and four main contingencies like the following figure illustrates. Figure 2: A Model of Power within organizations Source: McShane and Von Glinow 302 McShane and von Glinow determine that the first three powers - legitimate, reward, and coercive power - are granted to persons through the organization or co-workers, whereas the two other powers – expert and referent power - depend on the â€Å"power holders own characteristics† (301). The first source of power that can be assigned to members of the organization is Legitimate Power, which is defined as an â€Å"agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behavior of others† (302). This source of power generally results from different roles in the organization (hierarchy). Like the manager can expect his or her employees to do what he or she requires. Another source of power that can be given to employees is Reward Power, which is defined as â€Å"the person’s ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sections† (302). Reward power offers incentives and is the opposite of the third source of power, which is Coercive Power. Coercive power is the last source of power that is assigned to people and involves â€Å"the ability to apply punishment† (303). The fourth source of power is Expert Power, which does not originate from the position but rather from within the person. Expert power is â€Å"the capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others value† (303). For instance, an employee can develop expert power when gaining important knowledge for the organizations that others would also like to have. The fifth source of power that does not depend on the role or position of an employee, but on the person’s own characteristics is Referent Power, which is defined as â€Å"the capacity to influence others on the basis of an identification with and respect for the power holder† (303).